Living Knowledge · Confidence Timeline

metformin improves HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

Scientific confidence changes as new graded, independent evidence accumulates. This timeline shows how the evidence for this claim has evolved — what changed, why it changed, and which scientific dimension moved.

Confidence
76%
Uncertainty 73%–78% (±2%)
Evidence coverage
Substantial65%
89 evidence families22 independent groupsRegulatory standing: approvedLast meaningful update: 11 Apr 2025
0%50%100%
supporting no-effect contradicting coverage-only— confidence┄ evidence coverage

What changed, and why

  • Quiet period18 Apr 2025 – 29 Jul 2026
    No confidence movement

    29 evidence events retrieved. 27 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction) and 2 were regulatory events (separate axis).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    76% → 76%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    64% → 65%

    Confidence was unchanged at 76%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 65%.

  • Quiet period1 Dec 2023 – 23 Feb 2025
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 66% → 64%

    23 evidence events retrieved. 23 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    76% → 76%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    65% → 66%

    Confidence was unchanged at 76%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 66%.

  • Quiet period1 Mar 2022 – 30 Sep 2023
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 67% → 65%

    25 evidence events retrieved. 25 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    75% → 76%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    67% → 67%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 76% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 67%.

  • Quiet period17 Jun 2020 – 31 Dec 2021
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 69% → 67%

    30 evidence events retrieved. 30 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    75% → 75%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    69% → 69%

    Confidence was unchanged at 75%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 69%.

  • Quiet period30 Sep 2019 – 14 May 2020
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 71% → 69%

    21 evidence events retrieved. 21 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    75% → 75%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    71% → 71%

    Confidence was unchanged at 75%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 71%.

  • Quiet period1 Jun 2019 – 6 Sep 2019
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 72% → 71%

    10 evidence events retrieved. 10 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    75% → 75%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    72% → 72%

    Confidence was unchanged at 75%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    76% → 75%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±2%
    Coverage
    72% → 72%

    Confidence decreased by 2 points to 75% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

    • Confidence decreased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    76% → 76%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    72% → 72%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 76% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    78% → 76%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    72% → 72%

    Confidence decreased by 2 points to 76% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

    • Confidence decreased
  • Quiet period30 Jan 2019 – 30 Jan 2019
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    79% → 78%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    71% → 72%

    Confidence decreased by 1 point to 78% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

    • Confidence decreased
  • Quiet period6 Dec 2018 – 15 Jan 2019
    No confidence movement

    7 evidence events retrieved. 7 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    79% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    71% → 71%

    Confidence was unchanged at 79%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 71%.

  • Quiet period8 Feb 2018 – 4 Oct 2018
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 73% → 71%

    20 evidence events retrieved. 20 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    79% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    73% → 73%

    Confidence was unchanged at 79%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 73%.

  • Quiet period6 Dec 2017 – 1 Jan 2018
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 73% → 73%

    6 evidence events retrieved. 6 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New contradicting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    80% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±3%
    Coverage
    73% → 73%

    Confidence decreased by 1 point to 79% after 1 contradictory result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 73%.

    • Confidence decreased

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    73% → 73%

    Confidence decreased by 1 point to 80% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 73%.

  • Quiet period1 Jul 2016 – 1 Nov 2017
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 78% → 73%

    39 evidence events retrieved. 39 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period3 May 2016 – 6 Jun 2016
    No confidence movement

    3 evidence events retrieved. 3 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    77% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period1 Mar 2016 – 7 Mar 2016
    No confidence movement

    5 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction) and 1 was a regulatory event (separate axis).

  • New contradicting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    82% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    77% → 77%

    Confidence decreased by 1 point to 81% after 1 contradictory result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 77%.

    • Confidence decreased
  • Quiet period1 Dec 2015 – 15 Feb 2016
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 78% → 77%

    9 evidence events retrieved. 9 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 82%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 82%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period15 Sep 2015 – 15 Sep 2015
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 82%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 82%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period1 Jun 2015 – 1 Aug 2015
    No confidence movement

    9 evidence events retrieved. 9 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 82%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • Quiet period1 Apr 2015 – 1 Apr 2015
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 79%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 82% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • Quiet period28 Feb 2015 – 6 Mar 2015
    No confidence movement

    3 evidence events retrieved. 3 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 78%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 81% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period26 Jan 2015 – 30 Jan 2015
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

    • Coverage decreased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

    • Coverage decreased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

  • Quiet period1 Oct 2014 – 3 Oct 2014
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

  • Quiet period25 Jun 2014 – 1 Sep 2014
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 81% → 80%

    8 evidence events retrieved. 8 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    81% → 81%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 81%.

  • Quiet period29 Apr 2014 – 1 Jun 2014
    No confidence movement

    4 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    81% → 81%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 81%.

  • Quiet period1 Feb 2014 – 1 Mar 2014
    No confidence movement

    4 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    79% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 81%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 80% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 81%.

  • Quiet period21 Nov 2013 – 1 Jan 2014
    No confidence movement

    9 evidence events retrieved. 9 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    79% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence was unchanged at 79%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    78% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    80% → 80%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 79% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    81% → 78%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 80%

    Confidence decreased by 3 points to 78% after 1 independent supporting evidence family and 1 well-powered no-effect result were incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 80%.

    • Confidence decreased
  • Quiet period1 Aug 2013 – 1 Sep 2013
    No confidence movement

    4 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • Quiet period4 May 2013 – 29 May 2013
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±2% → ±2%
    Coverage
    79% → 79%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±2%
    Coverage
    78% → 79%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 81% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 79%.

  • Quiet period12 Mar 2013 – 12 Mar 2013
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    78% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • Quiet period14 Jan 2013 – 1 Feb 2013
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    77% → 78%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 78%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    77% → 77%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 77%.

  • Quiet period1 Dec 2012 – 4 Dec 2012
    No confidence movement

    9 evidence events retrieved. 9 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    76% → 77%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 77%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    80% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    76% → 76%

    Confidence was unchanged at 80%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 76%.

  • Quiet period1 Sep 2012 – 1 Sep 2012
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    81% → 80%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    75% → 76%

    Confidence decreased by 2 points to 80% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 76%. 1 regulatory event was recorded on the separate regulatory-standing axis and did not change efficacy confidence.

    • Confidence decreased
    • Regulatory standing changed

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    81% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    75% → 75%

    Confidence was unchanged at 81%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 75%.

  • Quiet period18 May 2012 – 1 Jun 2012
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 76% → 75%

    4 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    84% → 81%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    77% → 76%

    Confidence decreased by 3 points to 81% after 1 independent supporting evidence family and 1 well-powered no-effect result were incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 76%.

    • Confidence decreased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    83% → 84%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    76% → 77%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 84% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 77%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    82% → 83%
    Uncertainty
    ±3% → ±3%
    Coverage
    75% → 76%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 83% after 2 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 76%.

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    87% → 82%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±3%
    Coverage
    75% → 75%

    Confidence decreased by 5 points to 82% after 1 well-powered no-effect result was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 75%.

    • Confidence decreased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    87% → 87%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    75% → 75%

    Confidence was unchanged at 87%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 75%.

  • Quiet period1 Jan 2012 – 1 Jan 2012
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 76% → 75%

    7 evidence events retrieved. 7 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    87% → 87%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    75% → 76%

    Confidence was unchanged at 87%. Evidence coverage rose from 75% to 76%.

    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period21 Sep 2011 – 28 Nov 2011
    No confidence movement

    3 evidence events retrieved. 3 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    86% → 87%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    74% → 75%

    Confidence was unchanged at 87%. Evidence coverage rose from 74% to 75%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    86% → 86%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    73% → 74%

    Confidence was unchanged at 86%. Evidence coverage rose from 73% to 74%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    86% → 86%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    72% → 73%

    Confidence was unchanged at 86%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 73%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    85% → 86%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    70% → 72%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 86% after 3 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 70% to 72%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    85% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    69% → 70%

    Confidence was unchanged at 85%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 70%.

  • Quiet period1 Mar 2011 – 12 Apr 2011
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 71% → 69%

    9 evidence events retrieved. 9 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    85% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    70% → 71%

    Confidence was unchanged at 85%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 71%.

  • Quiet period20 Jan 2011 – 20 Jan 2011
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 72% → 70%

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    84% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    71% → 72%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 85% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 72%.

  • Quiet period1 Dec 2010 – 1 Dec 2010
    No confidence movement

    3 evidence events retrieved. 3 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    84% → 84%
    Uncertainty
    ±4% → ±4%
    Coverage
    71% → 71%

    Confidence was unchanged at 84%. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 71%.

  • Quiet period1 Sep 2010 – 4 Nov 2010
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 75% → 71%

    11 evidence events retrieved. 11 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New well-powered no-effect evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    89% → 84%
    Uncertainty
    ±5% → ±4%
    Coverage
    74% → 75%

    Confidence decreased by 6 points to 84% after 1 independent supporting evidence family and 1 well-powered no-effect result were incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 75%.

    • Confidence decreased
  • Quiet period13 Jul 2010 – 13 Jul 2010
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    89% → 89%
    Uncertainty
    ±5% → ±5%
    Coverage
    73% → 74%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 89% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage was unchanged at 74%.

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    89% → 89%
    Uncertainty
    ±5% → ±5%
    Coverage
    71% → 73%

    Confidence was unchanged at 89%. Evidence coverage rose from 71% to 73%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    87% → 89%
    Uncertainty
    ±6% → ±5%
    Coverage
    69% → 71%

    Confidence increased by 2 points to 89% after 2 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 69% to 71%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Nov 2009 – 1 Apr 2010
    No confidence movement

    15 evidence events retrieved. 15 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    85% → 87%
    Uncertainty
    ±7% → ±6%
    Coverage
    67% → 69%

    Confidence increased by 2 points to 87% after 2 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 67% to 69%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Aug 2009 – 1 Sep 2009
    No confidence movement

    7 evidence events retrieved. 7 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    85% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±7% → ±7%
    Coverage
    65% → 67%

    Confidence was unchanged at 85%. Evidence coverage rose from 65% to 67%.

    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 May 2009 – 1 May 2009
    No confidence movement

    1 evidence event retrieved. 1 was coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    85% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±7% → ±7%
    Coverage
    64% → 65%

    Confidence was unchanged at 85%. Evidence coverage rose from 64% to 65%.

    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    84% → 85%
    Uncertainty
    ±8% → ±7%
    Coverage
    60% → 64%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 85% after 2 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 60% to 64%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Feb 2009 – 1 Mar 2009
    No confidence movement

    5 evidence events retrieved. 5 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Confidence
    83% → 84%
    Uncertainty
    ±8% → ±8%
    Coverage
    59% → 60%

    Confidence increased by 1 point to 84% after 2 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 59% to 60%.

    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Dec 2008 – 11 Dec 2008
    No confidence movement

    4 evidence events retrieved. 4 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • Coverage-only evidence

    Confidence
    83% → 83%
    Uncertainty
    ±8% → ±8%
    Coverage
    63% → 59%

    Confidence was unchanged at 83% — 3 coverage-only items (on-topic, no readable direction) were retrieved but did not change it. Evidence coverage fell from 63% to 59%.

    • Coverage decreased
  • Quiet period1 Sep 2008 – 1 Oct 2008
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 71% → 63%

    5 evidence events retrieved. 5 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    79% → 83%
    Uncertainty
    ±10% → ±8%
    Coverage
    60% → 71%

    Confidence increased by 4 points to 83% after 4 independent supporting evidence families were incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±10% to ±8%. Evidence coverage rose from 60% to 71%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    77% → 79%
    Uncertainty
    ±11% → ±10%
    Coverage
    56% → 60%

    Confidence increased by 2 points to 79% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Evidence coverage rose from 56% to 60%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    74% → 77%
    Uncertainty
    ±12% → ±11%
    Coverage
    50% → 56%

    Confidence increased by 3 points to 77% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±12% to ±11%. Evidence coverage rose from 50% to 56%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Oct 2007 – 3 Jun 2008
    No confidence movement
    Coverage 57% → 50%

    23 evidence events retrieved. 23 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    66% → 74%
    Uncertainty
    ±15% → ±12%
    Coverage
    50% → 57%

    Confidence increased by 8 points to 74% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±15% to ±12%. Evidence coverage rose from 50% to 57%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased

  • Coverage-only evidence

    Confidence
    66% → 66%
    Uncertainty
    ±15% → ±15%
    Coverage
    60% → 50%

    Confidence was unchanged at 66% — 1 coverage-only item (on-topic, no readable direction) was retrieved but did not change it. Evidence coverage fell from 60% to 50%.

    • Coverage decreased
  • Quiet period1 Jul 2007 – 1 Jul 2007
    No confidence movement

    2 evidence events retrieved. 2 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    63% → 66%
    Uncertainty
    ±17% → ±15%
    Coverage
    50% → 60%

    Confidence increased by 3 points to 66% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±17% to ±15%. Evidence coverage rose from 50% to 60%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    46% → 63%
    Uncertainty
    ±32% → ±17%
    Coverage
    33% → 50%

    Confidence increased by 16 points to 63% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±32% to ±17%. Evidence coverage rose from 33% to 50%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased

  • Coverage-only evidence

    Confidence
    46% → 46%
    Uncertainty
    ±32% → ±32%
    Coverage
    50% → 33%

    Confidence was unchanged at 46% — 2 coverage-only items (on-topic, no readable direction) were retrieved but did not change it. Evidence coverage fell from 50% to 33%.

    • Coverage decreased
  • Quiet period1 Feb 2006 – 1 Apr 2007
    No confidence movement

    21 evidence events retrieved. 21 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • New supporting evidence

    Major change
    Confidence
    0% → 46%
    Uncertainty
    ±45% → ±32%
    Coverage
    0% → 50%

    Confidence increased by 46 points to 46% after 1 independent supporting evidence family was incorporated. Uncertainty narrowed from ±45% to ±32%. Evidence coverage rose from 0% to 50%.

    • Confidence increased
    • Uncertainty narrowed
    • Coverage increased
  • Quiet period1 Apr 2001 – 24 Oct 2005
    No confidence movement

    22 evidence events retrieved. 22 were coverage-only (on-topic, no readable direction).

  • Coverage-only evidence

    Confidence
    0% → 0%
    Uncertainty
    ±45% → ±45%
    Coverage
    0%

    Confidence for this claim was first established at 0% from 1 coverage-only item (on-topic, no readable direction).

View all evidence · 626 items in the ledger
  • paperEvidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitoneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT00004992 — Diabetes Prevention ProgramneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01511198 — NNC 90-1170 Dose-response, Efficacy and Safety: A 12-week Randomized, neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02526615 — Comparison of Effects of Rosiglitazone and Metformin on Myocardial, SkneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00358124 — Insulin Glargine v Rosiglitazone as add-on Therapy in Patients FailingneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01511172 — Effect on Glycemic Control of Individual Maximum Effective Dose of NNCneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01720290 — A 3-month, Open-label, Randomized, Multi-center Study of Repaglinide ineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00118950 — Effect of Metformin Versus Repaglinide Treatment on Glycemic Control aneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00783744 — 28-week, Open, Randomized, Multinational, Multicenter Clinical Trial tneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00568984 — Efficacy and Safety of Repaglinide and Metformin Combined in Type 2 DineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00598793 — Biphasic Insulin Aspart 70/30 + Metformin Compared to Insulin GlargineneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01465152 — Multicentre, Randomised, Comparative, Open, Three Armed Parallel GroupneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00353691 — Glimepiride Versus Metformin as Monotherapy in Pediatric Subjects WithneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00592969 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Metformin Plus Biphasic Insulin AneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00046462 — Substituting Lantus®(Insulin Glargine[rDNAorigin]Inj) for a ThiazolidineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00279240 — The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme Shows That Lifestyle ModificaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00425009 — Effects of Berberine on Improvement of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism inneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00762957 — A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00619697 — Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 Plus MneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00624364 — Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Biphasic Insulin Aspart Plus MetfneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00097279 — A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomised Trial to Compare the Efficacy anneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00191464 — Long-Term Effects of Insulin Plus Metformin Regimens on the Overall anneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00184626 — Safety and Efficacy of Insulin Glargine Versus Biphasic Insulin AspartneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00086502 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety asupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C) at Week 24' (Baseline and week 24): drug -0.85% vs placebo -0.15% (Δ -0.7%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT00118963 — Effect of Repaglinide Versus Metformin Treatment in Combination With IneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00184574 — Comparison of the Effect on Glycemic Control of Biphasic Insulin AsparneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00251953 — A 24-Week Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multi-Centre, PlacneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00481663 — A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-RangineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00145379 — The Effect of Metformin in Overweight Patients With Dysregulated Type neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00491725 — A Multi-centre, Single Armed, Open Labelled Trial to Study the EfficacneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00279045 — A Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Compare the Durability of Glucose neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00263965 — A 16-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, PlaceneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01489644 — A Randomized, Single-Blind, Four-Period Crossover Study Examining the neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00118937 — Effect of Metformin On Glycaemic Control and Non-Glycaemic CardiovascuneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01490658 — A Randomized, Single-Blind, Three-Period Crossover Study Examining theneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00111631 — A Randomized, Double-blind Study of the Effect of the DPP-IV InhibitorneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00376038 — A Randomized Open-label, Repeat Dose, Two Sequence Cross-Over Study toneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00754403 — A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to EneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00261352 — A 24-Week Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multi-Centre, ActineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00265746 — Program for the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus Development in Women WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00263276 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00086515 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety aneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02004886 — A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, ParallneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00266253 — A Randomized Double-blind Study to Determine the Effect of GK ActivatoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00331851 — Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD-5): Effect on GlycaemineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperEffect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) on metformin action.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT00325910 — Patients With Heart Failure ANd Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Placebo OneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00286442 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to DsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 26.' (Baseline and Week 26.): drug -0.61% vs placebo -0.1% (Δ -0.5%, p<0.001).
  • paperEfficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 disupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the results.
  • trialNCT00121966 — South Danish Diabetes Study: A Prospective Randomised Multi-Centre StuneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00362765 — Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetics Treated With MetneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperEffect of genetic variation in the organic cation transporter 1, OCT1, on metformin pharmacokineticsneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT00110851 — A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00328172 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Five Parallel Group StsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin) at Week 12' (Baseline, week 12): drug -0.68% vs placebo +0.18% (Δ -0.85%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT00333151 — Effect on Glycemic Control of Liraglutide in Combination With RosiglitneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00282945 — Analyzing Beta Cell Function Tests Over Time In Patients With Type 2 DneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00316758 — A Multi-center, Open Label, Extension Study to Evaluate the Long-term neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01090752 — Effects of the PPAR-gamma Agonist Pioglitazone on Renal and Hormonal RneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00108615 — Effects of Insulin Sensitizers in Subjects With Impaired Glucose TolerneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00131664 — Avandia™ + Amaryl™ or Avandamet™ Compared With Metformin: A 48-week RaneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01429818 — Endothelial Disfunction Treatment With Glimepiride/Metformin CombinatineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00772174 — Double-blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel-Group Study to EvaluatneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00348712 — Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Pre-prandial Human Insulin Plus MetformneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00427154 — Effect of Inhaled Pre-Prandial Human Insulin Plus Metformin & GlimepirneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00469092 — A Multi-national, Open-labelled, Randomised, Parallel Group, 4 Week runeutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00519480 — A Two-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Repeat-Dose, Parallel-Group StudneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00469586 — Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Prandial Insulin Compared to Metformin neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00272064 — Optimisation of Insulin Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by TelecneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00347100 — Treatment of Early Insulinization With Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes PatneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00383578 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Controlled Study to ConeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00479466 — A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo and Active ComparatorneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00106340 — Vildagliptin Compared to Glimepiride in Combination With Metformin in neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00571519 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo, and Active Comparator-controlled,neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00032487 — CSP #465 - Glycemic Control and Complications in Diabetes Mellitus TypneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00373178 — Metabolic Effects of Treatment in Patients With Recently Diagnosed TypneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00396357 — A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Parallel-group, Study to DemonneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00454233 — A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo and Active Controlled, Dose EscalaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00382096 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Multicenter Study to ConeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00350779 — A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study thesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C) at Week 18' (Baseline and 18 Weeks): drug -1.03% vs placebo -0.31% (Δ -0.72%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT00614055 — A 16 Week Randomised, Open Labelled, 3 Armed, Parallel Group, Treat-tosupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.31% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00360698 — Comparison of Two Therapeutic Strategies for Treating Type 2 Diabetic supportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) Value': drug arm -0.37% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00611884 — A 16 Week Randomised, Open-labelled, Four-armed, Treat-to-target, ParasupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.26% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00613951 — A 16 Week Randomised, Open Labelled, 3-armed, Parallel Group, Treat-tosupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.79% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00727857 — A Phase 3b, Double-Blind, Randomized Study to Determine the Efficacy asupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Percent Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin': drug arm -1.83% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00313313 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 TrineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00672386 — A 12-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study in Type neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00295633 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase IIIneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00367055 — Comparison of the Action of the Rosiglitazone-metformin Fixed-dose ComneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (-0.22%).
  • trialNCT00544518 — Impact of Benfluorex Versus Metformin on Glucose Control and Insulin SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00316082 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 TneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00318461 — Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD-2): Effect on GlycaemineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00754689 — A Multicenter, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Randomized Study of thneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00174642 — Comparison of Three Therapeutic Strategies for Treating Type 2 DiabeteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00327015 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled, Phase 3 TrineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00379769 — A Long Term, Open Label, Randomised Study in Patients With Type 2 DiabneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (-0.14%).
  • trialNCT00673465 — A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Three-Way Crossover Study to EvaluatneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperEfficacy and safety of adding the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin to metformin therapy ineutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT00102466 — Vildagliptin Compared to Gliclazide in Combination With Metformin in PneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00627445 — Effect of Biphasic Insulin Aspart 50 Compared to Biphasic Insulin AspasupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.79% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00631488 — A Phase IIa, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active Comparator-neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00636766 — Atherosclerotic Plaque Texture-Experimental and Clinical Study on the neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01028391 — A 30-Week Extension to: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline (i.e., Week 0 of the 24-week Base Study) in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 54' (Baseline and 54 Weeks): drug -2.37% vs placebo -1.86% (Δ -0.51%).
  • trialNCT00437970 — Drug naïve Indigenous Australians With Type 2 Diabetes, Enrolled in a neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00614120 — Effect of Liraglutide or Glimepiride Added to Metformin on Glycaemic CneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00690456 — A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the GlneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00449605 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, MultinationalneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00941148 — Impact of Insulin (I.)Glargine Compared to NPH I. and to I. Detemir inneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00366301 — The LANCET Trial: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Lantus for C-reactiveneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00669864 — Effect of Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 Combined With Metformin on Blood supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c)': drug arm -1.303% (single-arm, no control).
  • trialNCT01318109 — A Phase 2/3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-GrsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 12).' (Baseline and Week 12.): drug -0.54% vs placebo +0.21% (Δ -0.751%).
  • trialNCT00482729 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator Controlled, Clinical TrisupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 18': drug arm -2.37% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00698230 — Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of INCB013739 PluneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00432276 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Determine the EfficacsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)' (Baseline and Weeks 26 and 52.): drug -0.89% vs placebo -0.42% (Δ -0.47%).
  • trialNCT00698789 — A Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Study to Evaluate the SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00789191 — Effect of Detemir and Sitagliptin on Blood Glucose Control in SubjectsneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01043965 — Evaluation of Myocardial Perfusion and Microvascular Reserve in Real-tneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01342614 — The Effect of Metformin on the Correlation Between Hyperinsulinemia anneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00386100 — A Randomized, Parallel Group, Double-blind, Multi-center Study ComparineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00420511 — A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study Assessing the Effect of SitagliptineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00661362 — A 24-Week International, Multi-centre, Randomized, Parallel-group, DouneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01228240 — The Efficacy of Metformin Produced by Pars Mino Co in Comparison With neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00780715 — Response To Oral Agents in Diabetes (ROAD)- Pilot StudysupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'HbA1c Change': drug arm -1.59% (vs an active comparator, not placebo) — only N=29, treated as weak.
  • trialNCT00789035 — A Phase IIb, Randomized, Parallel Group Safety, Efficacy, and PharmacosupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change of Glycosilated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) From Baseline After 12 Weeks of Treatment' (Baseline and 12 weeks): drug -0.75% vs placebo +0.09% (Δ -0.84%).
  • trialNCT00807092 — Comparison of the Efficacy on Glycaemic Control and Safety Profile of neutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)' — non-significant (Δ +0.02 [-0.243–0.243], p=0.8598) but underpowered (N=145): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT00871936 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study tneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00959101 — A Randomised, Single-Blind, Three-Period Crossover Study Examining theneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01087866 — Metformin Versus Insulin in the Treatment of Gestational Diabetes MellneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00819741 — A 16-week, Open-label, Multicentre, Randomised, Parallel Study to EvalneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00097500 — A Phase 3, Randomized, Open Label, Comparator-Controlled, Parallel GroneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)' — non-significant (Δ ≈0, p=0.5522) but underpowered (N=69): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT00374907 — Mechanism of Action and Efficacy of Saxagliptin (BMS-477118) in the TrneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00708578 — Insulin Glargine Combined With Sulfonylurea Versus Metformin in PatienneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00832481 — Comparison of the Effects of Repaglinide and Metformin on Glucose ExcuneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00994812 — Effects of Metformin on Fertility and Pregnancy in Women With PolycystneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01302145 — A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Design Study,neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00121641 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 TneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00728351 — A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized Study to Compare the Efficacy neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00792935 — A Phase IIa, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active-Controlled,neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00814372 — A Phase 2 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active CneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00924573 — Double-blinded Comparative Study to Investigate the Efficacy and SafetneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01068743 — Bioequivalence Study of the Fixed Dose Combination of 2.5 mg SaxagliptneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00835861 — Pilot Study of Metformin vs. Insulin in Pregnant Overt Diabetics (MIPOneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01068730 — Bioequivalence Study of 500 mg and 1000 mg Glucophage (Metformin) TablneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00528879 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])' (From Baseline to Week 24): drug -0.67% vs placebo -0.3% (Δ -0.38%, p=0.0002).
  • trialNCT00798161 — A Phase III Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Parallel GrousupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'HbA1c Change From Baseline at Week 24' (Baseline and week 24): drug -0.64% vs placebo +0.13% (Δ -0.77%).
  • trialNCT00941161 — Effect of Oral Combination Therapy of Metformin Extended Release Over neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00700817 — The Effect of Liraglutide Compared to Sitagliptin, Both in CombinationsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Mean Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 26': drug arm -1.24% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00767000 — A Phase IIb, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Level' (Baseline and Weeks 14, 54, 106, and 158): drug -0.59% vs placebo -0.08% (Δ -0.51%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT00901979 — A 12 Week Study in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00513630 — Phase 4 Study on the Prognosis and Effect of Anti-diabetic Drugs on TyneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00528372 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF]): Group 1' (Baseline to Week 24 (end of Short-term Period)): drug -0.58% vs placebo -0.23% (Δ -0.35%, p=0.0207).
  • trialNCT01171456 — Early Medical Intervention in Women at Risk for Gestational DiabetesneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00868790 — A Phase IIa, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo- and Active-Comparator CneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00443755 — Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Atherothrombotic and InflammatsupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)' (Baseline, 3 months): drug -0.35% vs placebo +0.19% (Δ -0.54%, p=0.02) — only N=28, down-weighted.
  • trialNCT00575588 — A 52-Week International, Multi-centre, Randomized, Parallel-group, Douno_effectStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Change From Baseline to Week 52' (N=891) — no significant effect on HbA1c (Δ +0.06 [-0.05–0.16]). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT01035528 — Healthy Heart Study: Can Insulin Glargine Improve Myocardial Function neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00605475 — A Multi Center, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose EscneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00679939 — A 52 Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Mechanistic Study WitneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00562172 — Lantus vs Sulfonylurea as add-on Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients FneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00961909 — A Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multiple Ascending Dose, PlaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01034111 — An Open-label Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of JANUVIA (neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00707031 — A Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, MulneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00744367 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to AneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00856986 — The Effect of Insulin Detemir in Combination With Liraglutide and MetfneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (+0.02%).
  • trialNCT00900146 — Dose Finding, Safety and Efficacy of Monthly Subcutaneous Canakinumab neutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (-0.19%).
  • trialNCT01175473 — An Open-label, Randomized Two-arm Parallel Group Study to Compare the neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01131182 — An Open-Label, Randomized Naturalistic Study to Evaluate the IncidenceneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00885352 — A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study thesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 26' (Baseline and Week 26): drug -1.15% vs placebo -0.4% (Δ -0.7499999999999999%).
  • trialNCT00755287 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to CompneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01006590 — A 24-Week, Randomised, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multi-Centre PneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 24' — non-significant (Δ -0.1 [-0.26–0.07], p=0.26) but underpowered (N=286): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT01051011 — A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled Study to ComneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00676338 — Safety and Efficacy of Exenatide Once Weekly Injection Versus MetformineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00713830 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24' (Baseline, Week 24): drug -0.85% vs placebo -0.1% (Δ -0.74%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT00763451 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MulticneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01046422 — A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-group, Randomized, MultipneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01111955 — A Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-group, Randomized, MultipneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01059825 — A 12-Week, Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, DoneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00715624 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24' (Baseline, Week 24): drug -0.74% vs placebo -0.38% (Δ -0.36%, p=0.0002).
  • trialNCT00712673 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MulticneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00754988 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-dummy, Placebo and Active-controlledneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00860288 — Efficacy and Long-Term Safety of Vildagliptin as Add-on Therapy to MetneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00976937 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, 2-arm Parallel-group, MulticneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01292993 — A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, 3-Period, 3-Treatment, Single-dose neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00722371 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Co-AdministrationneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01117584 — Phase 2b, Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel Group, PlaceneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01071850 — A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo and Active-Controlled DosneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperInsulin resistance influences central opioid activity in polycystic ovary syndrome.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT00881530 — A 78 Week Open Label Extension to Trials Assessing the Safety and EffisupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time': drug arm -1.03% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT00588172 — Genetic Variation in OCT1 and Response to MetforminneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00763815 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24' (Baseline, Week 24): drug -0.9% vs placebo -0.34% (Δ -0.56%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT00915772 — Extension Study Linagliptin 2.5 mg Bid + Metformin 500 or 1000 mg Bid neutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (-0.06%).
  • trialNCT01023581 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to DsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 26' (Baseline and Week 26.): drug -1.22% vs placebo +0.15% (Δ -1.3699999999999999%).
  • trialNCT01123980 — An Open-labelled, Randomised, Parallel Group, 3 Week run-in and 24 WeesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -0.68% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • paperThe effect of initial therapy with the fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin compared supportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the results.
  • trialNCT00751114 — Superiority Study of Insulin Glargine Over Sitagliptin in Insulin-naïvneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01394887 — Metformin Decreases Plasma Resistin Concentrations in Pediatric PatienneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01396564 — Comparison of the Effects of Pioglitazone and Metformin on Resistin PlneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00975286 — A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, Multicenter StsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24' (Baseline, Week 24): drug -0.71% vs placebo -0.4% (Δ -0.32%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT01217892 — A 16-week, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled PsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Adjusted Mean Change in HbA1c Levels' (Baseline to Week 16): drug -0.52% vs placebo -0.3% (Δ -0.22%, p=0.0106).
  • paperA treatment strategy implementing combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin results in supesupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the results.
  • trialNCT00851903 — Combination Therapy of Insulin Glargine and Sitagliptin in Patients WisupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'HbA1c: Change From Baseline to Study Endpoint': drug arm -0.8% (single-arm, no control).
  • trialNCT01278160 — An Extension Trial of BIAsp-3756, Explorative Comparison of Biphasic IneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) From Baseline' — non-significant (Δ -0.01 [-0.24–0.22]) but underpowered (N=179): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT01521624 — Comparing Effects of Metformin Plus Life Style Modification Compared WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01624116 — A Comparison of Four Hypoglycaemic Regimens During Ramadan Fasting in neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01340768 — An Open-Label, Randomized Naturalistic Study to Evaluate the IncidenceneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01365091 — Bioequivalence Study of Fixed Dose Combinations of Saxagliptin/MetformneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01135433 — A Phase 3 Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of ASP1941 in CombinneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00232583 — Preservation of Beta-cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00855166 — A 24-week,Multi-centre,Int.,Double-blind,Rand.,Parallel-group,Plac.-ConeutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00857870 — Comparative Investigation of Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Glargine VneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01169779 — Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes MsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24' (Baseline, Week 24): drug -0.83% vs placebo -0.47% (Δ -0.36%, p=0.0004).
  • trialNCT01289119 — An International, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-contrsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)' (Baseline and Week 16.): drug -0.91% vs placebo -0.22% (Δ -0.69%, p<0.001).
  • paperMetformin use in children with obesity and normal glucose tolerance--effects on cardiovascular markeneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01122316 — Management of Diabetes With Metformin In Patients With Chronic Heart FneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01204294 — An Open Label, Randomised, Parallel Group Safety and Efficacy Study ofneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01240759 — A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, PlacneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01349387 — Effect of Treatment With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Patients on AlteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01509001 — Study of Metabolic and Haemodynamic Effects of Metformin and GlimepirineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01593371 — Comparing Effects of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Regulation of SerumneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01076075 — A Phase III, Randomized, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and EffsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (%) at Week 24' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -0.84% vs placebo -0.16% (Δ -0.68%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01296412 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label Clinical Trial Comparno_effectStructured CT.gov result (N=653) — no statistically significant effect on HbA1c (drug -1.32%). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT01095653 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])' (From Baseline to Week 24): drug -1.04% vs placebo -0.29% (Δ -0.75%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT01137812 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multicenter Study to EvsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 52': drug arm -1.03% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01546558 — A Phase 1, Open-label, Single Cohort, Two-Period Fixed Sequence Study neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01546597 — A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single Cohort, Four-period Sequential Study to neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01106625 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm, Parallel-Group,supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26' (Day 1 (Baseline) and Week 26): drug -0.85% vs placebo -0.13% (Δ -0.71%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01340664 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm, Parallel-Group,neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02027103 — Comparative Effects of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Fetuin-A and OsteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperLifestyle intervention improves fitness independent of metformin in obese adolescents.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01064687 — A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of the Effects of Two DosesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks Endpoint in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)' (Baseline, 26 weeks): drug -1.51% vs placebo -0.46% (Δ -1.05%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01068652 — Effect of 50-week Treatment With Stepwise Insulin Intensification of Bno_effectStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)' (N=403) — no significant effect on HbA1c (Δ +0.11 [-0.12–0.34], p=0.3406). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT01710527 — AN OPEN LABEL, BALANCED, RANDOMIZED, TWO-TREATMENT, TWO-PERIOD, TWO-SEneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperComparison of a soluble co-formulation of insulin degludec/insulin aspart vs biphasic insulin aspartneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01126580 — The Impact of LY2189265 Versus Metformin on Glycemic Control in Early neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01486966 — A 2-week, Randomised, Controlled, Open-label, Two-group Parallel, MultneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00734474 — A Phase 2/3, Placebo-Controlled, Efficacy and Safety Study of Once-WeeneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01106690 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm, Parallel-Group,supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26' (Day 1 (Baseline) and Week 26): drug -0.89% vs placebo -0.26% (Δ -0.62%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01370707 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate theneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01613755 — The Effect of Dipyridamole on the Pharmacokinetics of MetforminneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00960661 — A Randomized Trial Comparing Two Therapies: Basal Insulin/Glargine, Exno_effectStructured CT.gov result (N=1036) — no statistically significant effect on HbA1c (drug -1.13%, p=0.6273). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • regulatoryFDA — approved—Regulatory standing (separate axis) — never inflates evidential confidence.
  • trialNCT00577590 — Cyclotron Produced Isotopes in Biology and Medicine, Project 3: SpecifneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00820573 — Mechanisms of Glucose Lowering Effects of Sitagliptin and Metformin AlneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00856284 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study to EvsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52': drug arm -0.81% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01518101 — A Randomized, Open-label, Cross-over Study to Evaluate Patient PrefereneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01075282 — A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Arm, Noninferiority Comparison of tsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks Endpoint in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.08% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01381900 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, 18-WeesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) From Baseline to Week 18' (Day 1 (Baseline) and Week 18): drug -0.97% vs placebo -0.47% (Δ -0.51%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01565096 — Effect of Adding Vildagliptin on Beta Cell Function and CardiovascularneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00657943 — The Effect of Metformin Versus Placebo, Including Three Insulin-AnalogneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00684528 — A Double-Blind, Randomized, Active-Comparator (Metformin) Controlled, neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00951899 — The Effect of Colesevelam Hydrochloride on Disposition Index and IncreneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01240785 — Metformin Versus Insulin in Gestational Diabetes. A Randomized ControlneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01464437 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Explore Dose EneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01476475 — A Randomized, 24-week, Open-label, 2-arm Parallel-group, Multicenter SneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01573949 — A Pilot Study: Metformin Therapy in Heart Failure Patients With Early neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01728740 — Randomized, Non-blinded Crossover Study to Establish the BioequivalencneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01477853 — A Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and SafetyneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01076088 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 24' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -1.67% vs placebo -0.59% (Δ -1.08%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT00968812 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, 3-Arm Parallel-Group, 2-Year (104-Week), MsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 52': drug arm -0.82% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01505426 — A Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to AssneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01915550 — The Role of Adding Metformin in Insulin-Resistant Diabetic Pregnant WoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01095666 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])' (From Baseline to Week 24): drug -0.82% vs placebo -0.23% (Δ -0.59%, p<0.0001).
  • trialNCT01117350 — A 24-week, Multicenter, International, Randomized (1:1), Parallel-grouneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01438814 — A Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active-comparator ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) After 14 Weeks Treatment': drug arm -0.99% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01765946 — Effects of Metformin on Longevity Gene Expression and Inflammation andneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01786707 — Phase 2 Study of Autologous Stem Cell and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy inneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01545388 — A Phase III, Randomized, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Double-Blind CneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperEfficacy and safety of lixisenatide once-daily morning or evening injections in type 2 diabetes inadsupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT00838903 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Parallel-GrneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00839527 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Parallel-grneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01217073 — A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Range Finding ClinicneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01368081 — A 52-week, Randomised, Multi-centre, Parallel Group Study to InvestigasupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c': drug arm -0.97% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01512979 — A 24-week, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Parallel GroupsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks': drug arm -2.81% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01963663 — Comparison of Metformin and Pioglitazone Effects on Serum YKL-40 ConceneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00681460 — Effects of Insulin and/or Metformin Treatment on Perinatal Outcome andneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01486043 — Metformin as an Adjunctive Therapy For Transient Hyperglycemia in PatineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01517412 — A 24-week, Open-label, Randomized, 2-arm Parallel Group, MultinationalsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 24': drug arm -0.65% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01842620 — Oral Bioavailability Study Comparing OXEMET™ 1000 mg Coated Tablets ConeutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01702298 — An Open-label Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of MK-0431D neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01462266 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -1.31% vs placebo -0.87% (Δ -0.44000000000000006%).
  • trialNCT01596504 — An Open-label, Randomized, Three-parallel-group Study on PharmacodynamsupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline to Day 56 in HbA1c': drug arm -0.58% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01658501 — Phase 2b Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-ConeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01681693 — Effect of Genetic Variants in MATE1 and OCT3 Transporters on the PharmneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01871415 — A MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PHASE IIIneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01334684 — White Blood Cells Gene Expression Profiles as a Tool for Predicting MeneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01729403 — A Single Centre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase IneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01758380 — A Double Blind, Double Dummy, Randomised, Multi-centre Study to AssessneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01519674 — A 24 Week Randomised, Open Label, 3 Parallel-group Comparison of Once supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin)': drug arm -1.27% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01555164 — A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Grouno_effectStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at W' (N=442) — no significant effect on HbA1c (Δ -0.11 [-0.31–0.10], p=0.306). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • paperEfficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily vs. placebo in people with Type 2 diabetes insufficiesupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the results.
  • trialNCT01624259 — A Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Arm Study Comparing the Effect of OsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks Endpoint in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.42% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01678820 — A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial to Study the EffneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 16 (Sit' — non-significant (Δ +0.19 [-0.14–0.52], p=0.267) but underpowered (N=299): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT01941199 — A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple Dosing, Three-way Crossover ClinicaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01929863 — A Randomized, Double-blind (Sponsor Unblinded), Placebo Controlled, ReneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00683735 — Quantification of the DPP-4 Inhibition-mediated Enhancement of the ActneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00883259 — Metformin Treatment for Preventing Gestational Diabetes in High-risk PneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01471275 — The Study of TCM in Prevention and Promote of Community-based DiabetesneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01541956 — An Open-labeled, Randomized, Multicenter, Prospective, Parallel Group,neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01855763 — Metformin in Gestational Diabetes and type2 Diabetes in Pregnancy in aneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01459809 — A Multinational, Open Label, Randomized, Active-controlled, 3-arm ParaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01935804 — Phase 1 Study of Pioglitazone Versus Metformin on Bone Health in PostmneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02040246 — Comparison of Metformin and Repaglinide Monotherapy in the Treatment oneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperBeneficial effects of once-daily lixisenatide on overall and postprandial glycemic levels without sisupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT00081328 — Studies to Treat Or Prevent Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes (STOPP-T2D) TreaneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01873859 — Incidence of Lactic Acidosis After Coronary Angiography and AngioplastneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01834274 — A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, 2neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02749032 — Feed-Back Suppression of Meal-Induced GLP-1 Secretion Mediated ThroughneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01708902 — A Phase III Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel Group StusupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'The Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 24 Weeks of Treatment in Main Group': drug arm -1.64% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01557504 — A Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and the Ability for Pediatric PneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01341717 — Open-labelled, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel-arm, Single-cenneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01726764 — Is There a Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between St John's Wort and MetfneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01956305 — A Single Blind, (Subject and Investigator Blinded, Sponsor Unblinded),neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01590771 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in A1C Levels at Week 24 in Participants Receiving Sitagliptin and Sulfonylurea Alone or in Combination With Metformin' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -0.88% vs placebo -0.27% (Δ -0.61%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01590797 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01524705 — FLAT-SUGAR: FLuctuATion Reduction With inSULin and Glp-1 Added togetheneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'HbA1C Levels' — non-significant (Δ ≈0, p=0.77) but underpowered (N=102): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT01099618 — Ketosis-Prone Diabetes in African Americans: Predictive Markers, UnderneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01280409 — The Effects of Metformin on Retained Postpartum Weight in Women With GneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperEffect of metformin on serum interleukin-6 levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02022254 — An Open-label, One-sequence Cross Over, Single Centre Trial, InvestiganeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01910441 — A Comparative Study to Assess the Effect of Vildagliptin Versus GlimepneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02050074 — The Role of Metformin and Colesevelam in Human GLP-1 SecretionneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01917656 — Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Versus Sulphonylurea Both in CombinsupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline to End of Ramadan in Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)': drug arm -1.3% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01869621 — The Relation Between Heritability and the Trough Concentration of MetfneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03088670 — Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Gosogliptin as Monotherapy and in CombneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperLixisenatide treatment improves glycaemic control in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT01303055 — Multicenter Trial on Effects of Alogliptin on Pancreatic Beta Cell FunneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01334125 — Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents With Double Diabetes: TrineutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Baseline Adjusted Hemoglobin A1c Over Time' — non-significant (Δ ≈0, p=0.903) but underpowered (N=28): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT01563120 — A Comparison Between Two Oral Hypoglycemics - Metformin and GlybenclamneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01648582 — The Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly, Subcutaneous Dulaglutide CompasupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 26 Weeks': drug arm -1.73% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01768559 — A Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled, 3-arm Parallel-group, 26-supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26': drug arm -0.63% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01881828 — A Randomized Trial of Metformin as Adjunct Therapy for Overweight AdolneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01960205 — Effect of Saxagliptin on Body Fat , Glucose and Beta Cell Function in neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01704261 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -0.67% vs placebo -0.06% (Δ -0.61%, p<0.001).
  • paperManagement of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a positneutralNo abstract available; the title states no result.
  • trialNCT01822548 — Randomized, Open Label, Two Parallel Arms, Intervention Trial ComparinneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02091362 — The Effect of LY2409021 on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate, as Assessed supportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)' (Baseline, 6 Weeks): drug -0.65% vs placebo -0.16% (Δ -0.49%).
  • trialNCT01682759 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Study to Evaluate tneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02202161 — A Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Repeat Dose, Double Blind (Sponsor UneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01871558 — Randomized, Open-label, SU-controlled Study of 24-week Duration to ComneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02002221 — A 12-week, Multi-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled,supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 12 Weeks Between Treatment Groups' (Baseline, week 12): drug -1.01% vs placebo -0.11% (Δ -0.91%, p< 0.001).
  • trialNCT02020616 — Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of LY3053102 WithneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02186483 — An Open-label, Randomized, Multiple-dose, Crossover Study to Evaluate neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01329016 — Glyburide and Metformin for Gestational Diabetes MellitusneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01787396 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel Group, Double-bneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02249910 — An Open-label, Single Arm, Sequential, Single Centre Trial InvestigatineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperDose-ranging efficacy and safety study of ertugliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitorsupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT00815399 — Effect of Pioglitazone Compared With Metformin on Endothelial MicroparneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02027753 — Efficacy and Safety of TrEating Type 2 Diabetic Patients With InadequaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01709305 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-Controlled, Open-label Clinical TriasupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Phase 2 Baseline to Week 44 in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Levels (Phase 2)': drug arm -0.65% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01876992 — Pilot Study of Metformin-induced CBP Phosphorylation at the Cellular LneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02042664 — Effect of GLP-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) Agonists on Cardiac Function and on neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02058147 — A Randomized, 30 Week, Active-controlled, Open-label, 3-treatment Arm,neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01717313 — A Multicenter, Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to AsseneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT00964184 — Phenotypic and Genetic Correlates of Diabetes (Non-Type 1) in Young NoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01947790 — Pioglitazone Regress Left Ventricular Mass in Type 2 Diabetes With IscneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02058160 — A Randomized, 30-week, Active-controlled, Open Label, 2- Treatment ArmneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02920801 — Study About Effect of Saxagliptin on Circulating Endothelial ProgenitoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02274740 — Effect of GLP-1 Receptors Agonist Lixisenatide on Postprandial Lipid PneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01181674 — Remission Evaluation of Metabolic Interventions in Type 2 Diabetes (REneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02111096 — A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the SafesupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change From Baseline to 6 Months in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)' (Baseline, 6 months): drug -0.63% vs placebo +0.14% (Δ -0.77%).
  • trialNCT02129985 — Effect of Short-term Intensive Insulin Sequential Exenatide Therapy onneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperA Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Metformin Therapy in Overweight/OsupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT01814748 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 24' — non-significant (Δ +0.12 [-0.26–0.49], p=0.535) but underpowered (N=203): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT02205528 — A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, ParallelneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01217307 — Metabolic Modulation With Metformin to Reduce Heart Failure After AcutneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02072096 — An Individualized treatMent aPproach for oldER patIents: A Randomized,neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02119819 — Comparison of the Oxyntomodulin Analog, LY2944876, to Once-Weekly ExenneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02152371 — A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial Comparing the Effect of Dulaglutide 1supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline to 28 Weeks in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)' (Baseline, 28 Weeks): drug -1.44% vs placebo -0.67% (Δ -0.77%, p<.001).
  • trialNCT02429258 — Effect of Dapagliflozin on 24-hour Blood Glucose in T2DM Patients InadsupportsStructured CT.gov secondary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 4' (Baseline to Week 4): drug -0.51% vs placebo -0.28% (Δ -0.23%, p=0.024).
  • trialNCT02501850 — The Effect of the GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Blood Levels of LipoproteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02597400 — A Phase 1, Open-Label, Sequential, Multiple-Dose, Drug-Drug InteractioneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02710448 — May Metformin be Used in Renal Failure?neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03068065 — Comparison of Efficacy of Liraglutide, Metformin and Gliclazide MR on neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01766778 — A Local Phase IV, Multicenter, Open-label Study to Evaluate Early add-supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change of Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) From Baseline to Month 12': drug arm -0.8% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT01718093 — A Pilot Study to Assess the Glucose Lowering Effect of Metformin and SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02443922 — Dynamic Responsiveness of Insulin Secretory Parameters to Sitagliptin neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02501616 — Effect of Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor on SystemineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02151461 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study to Evaluate the EfneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (+0.11%).
  • trialNCT02411825 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the SafneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02435277 — An Extension of Protocol NS-0100-01 to Evaluate the Safety and Effect neutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (+0.1%).
  • paperMetformin and the gastrointestinal tract.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02500628 — Heart Rate Variability in Response to Metformin ChallengeneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02045290 — Metformin Therapy for Overweight Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (T1DneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02007278 — Glycemic Excursions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated With VildaglipcontradictsStructured CT.gov result — drug arm significantly did NOT reduce HbA1c (+1.92%).
  • trialNCT01956929 — Metformin's Effect on Glucagon-induced Endogenous Glucose Production, neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02366377 — An Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of SHR3824 in the TreatmenneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02434744 — A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-GrouneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02813863 — The Drug-drug Interaction of SP2086 and MetforminneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • regulatoryFDA — approved—Regulatory standing (separate axis) — never inflates evidential confidence.
  • trialNCT01755156 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety, supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C) at Week 24 (Phase A)' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -0.54% vs placebo 0% (Δ -0.55%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT01204775 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to EsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Mean Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 16' (16 week short term treatment period): drug -0.7% vs placebo +0.6% (Δ -1.2999999999999998%) — only N=26, down-weighted.
  • trialNCT02343926 — A Multicentre, National, Randomized, Parallel-group, Phase 3 Study to neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02565862 — A Drug-drug Interaction Study Between the Novel Anti-hepatitis c VirusneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03310749 — A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple Dosing, Three-way Crossover ClinicaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01895569 — Effects on Glycemic Variability and Glyco-metabolic Control of MetformneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02036515 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02049814 — A Randomized, Open-label, Non-inferiority Study to Compare the EfficacsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 12': drug arm -0.6982% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT02179788 — Metformin to Augment Low Milk Supply in Pre-diabetic Mothers, a Phase neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02497313 — Effect of Metformin and Cholecystokinin-mediated Gallbladder Emptying neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperAnti-Inflammatory Effects of Metformin Irrespective of Diabetes Status.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01958671 — A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 26-week MultineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01425580 — Effects on Subclinical Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects on LineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperBenefits of LixiLan, a Titratable Fixed-Ratio Combination of Insulin Glargine Plus Lixisenatide, VerneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02802215 — Metformin for Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women WitneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02438397 — Explore the Efficacy of Acarbose and Metformin on Blood Glucose FluctuneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01972724 — A 24-Week, Open Label, Phase IV Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of PiogneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (-0.0003%).
  • trialNCT02484209 — A 16 Week PILOT Study to Determine the Frequency of Sulphonylurea-AssoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02091336 — Oral Antidiabetic Agents on Gestational Diabetes: Modulating Effect onneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02719756 — Randomized, Open Prospective Study of the Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitor DneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03106870 — Adding Metformin to Insulin in Controlling Pregestational and GestationeutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01808690 — Effects of Metformin on Cardiovascular Function in Adolescents With TyneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02682121 — Metabolic Alterations in Platelet Study IIneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02597049 — A Randomized, Parallel-Arm, Double-Blind Study of Efficacy and Safety neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02014740 — Effect of Liraglutide on Epicardial Fat in Subjects With Type 2 DiabetneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02605772 — A Randomized, Non-inferiority, Open-label Clinical Trial to Evaluate tneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02956044 — A Phase 1, Open-label, Randomized, Three-period, Crossover Study to EvneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01813929 — Effect of Metformin on Vascular and Mitochondrial Function in Type 1 DneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01483560 — Phase 3 Study of Metformin in Adults With Type 1 DiabetesneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01999218 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator-neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02492763 — A Phase IIa, Multicenter, Placebo- and Active-controlled, Randomized, neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03167918 — Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese MedicineneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01729156 — Effects of Metformin on Hepatic Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in PatientsneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02460354 — Use of Metformin to Treat Patients With Congenital Nephrogenic DiabeteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02477969 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase IIIneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02794792 — A Phase 3, Double-blind, Randomized Study to Assess the Efficacy and SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03320694 — Comparison of Metformin and Insulin for Management of Gestational DiabneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02951260 — The Effects of Metformin on Self-selected Exercise Intensity, PhysicalneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02586129 — Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Multicenter Phase 3 TrialneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperThe mechanisms of action of metformin.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02033889 — A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 26-Week MultineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02941367 — International, Randomized, Open Label Study to Compare the Safety and neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02275845 — Metformin vs Control to Prevent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) inneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02638805 — An Open-Label, Multi-Center, Randomized, Phase 3b Study to Evaluate thneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02532855 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03061981 — A Phase I, First In Human, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Single AsneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02719132 — A Multicentre Randomised Open-Label Crossover 2-Period 2 Treatment ClineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02551874 — A 24-week International, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Cno_effectStructured CT.gov result (N=650) — no statistically significant effect on HbA1c (drug -1.67%, p=0.118). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT01966978 — The Effect of Simple Insulin Detemir Titration, Metformin Plus LiraglucontradictsStructured CT.gov result — drug arm significantly did NOT reduce HbA1c (+3.4%).
  • trialNCT03010683 — Effects of Agonists of Glucagon Like Peptide - 1 Receptors (GLP-1R) onneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03686722 — Effect of Co-administration of Metformin and Daclatasvir on the PharmaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02954692 — A National, Multicenter, Prospective, Interventional, Open-label, SingneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02630706 — A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 26-Week MultineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02973321 — A 26-Week Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-ranging PneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02765347 — The Effects of Metformin on Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity ineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03189732 — New Electrophoretic Approaches in Studies of Obesity and DiabetesneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02738879 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-ControlledsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 30' (Baseline and Week 30): drug -1.88% vs placebo -1.42% (Δ -0.46%).
  • trialNCT02831361 — A Multinational, Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, ParallelneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02167620 — Metformin in Co-morbid Diabetes or Prediabetes and Serious Mental IllnneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02393573 — Attenuating The Post-Operative Insulin Resistance And Promoting ProteineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01779375 — Restoring Insulin Secretion Pediatric Medication StudyneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03824002 — Arterial Stiffness and Endothelial Function Indexes, Relationships WitneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02836704 — Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Standard vs Higher Starting Dose neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03078725 — Failure Rate of GLyburide And Metformin Among Gestational DiabeticsneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01775813 — Combined Influence of Puberty and Obesity on Insulin Resistance in AdoneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01756105 — Gestational Diabetes in Non Obese Women and MetformineneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01763346 — Beta Cell Restoration Through Fat MitigationneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperImpact of Insulin and Metformin Versus Metformin Alone on β-Cell Function in Youth With Impaired GluneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • paperA framework for selection of blood-based biomarkers for geroscience-guided clinical trials: report fneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01804049 — Metformin and Muscle in Insulin-resistant Older VeteransneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT04088461 — Effect of Linagliptin + Metformin on Glucose Metabolism and PancreaticneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02694289 — Effects of Metformin in Heart Failure PatientsneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03267576 — Canagliflozin Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CANA CGM) Trial: A Pilot neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03316690 — The Interaction Between Metformin and Physical TrainingneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03329651 — The Interaction Between Metformin and Acute ExerciseneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperImpact of Gastric Banding Versus Metformin on β-Cell Function in Adults With Impaired Glucose ToleraneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02752412 — A Randomized, Active-controlled, Open Label, 2-treatment Arm, and MultneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01336322 — Effects of Treatment With Metformin and/or Sitagliptin on Beta-cell FuneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01717911 — ß-Cell Function and Glycemic Control of Basal Insulin, Metformin or SineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02846233 — Is the Stepping-down Approach a Better Option Than Multiple Daily InjesupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in A1c at the End of Study Period': drug arm -2.38% (vs an active comparator, not placebo) — only N=22, treated as weak.
  • trialNCT02853630 — A Multicentric, Randomized, Open Label Study on Comparison of PancreatneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03444584 — An Exploratory Phase 2a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind SneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03202563 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel Group, Open-labneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03118713 — A Phase 4, Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled, Multicenter StudneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02561130 — Remission Evaluation of a Metabolic Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes WineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03377335 — Effect of Dapagliflozin on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Patients WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02695810 — Effect of Dapagliflozin, Metformin and Physical Activity on Glucose VaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03841591 — Maternal Weight Gain in Gestational Diabetes Controlled by Metformin VneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03268005 — Efficacy and Safety of Fast-acting Insulin Aspart Compared to NovoRapino_effectStructured CT.gov result (N=1264) — no statistically significant effect on HbA1c (drug -0.15%, p=0.310). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT03639545 — The Effects of Empagliflozin on Functional and Structural Arterial WalneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03214380 — A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of LY900014 to Insuno_effectStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Efficacy Esti' (N=933) — no significant effect on HbA1c (Δ +0.06 [-0.05–0.16]). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT02926950 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MulticsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 26' (Baseline and Week 26): drug -0.77% vs placebo -0.29% (Δ -0.47%, p< 0.0001).
  • trialNCT01528254 — A 5-year Study to Compare the Durability of Glycemic Control of a Combno_effectStructured CT.gov pre-specified outcome 'Rate of Loss in Glycemic Control in HbA1c Over Time During P' (N=2004) — no significant effect on HbA1c (Δ +0.09 [-0.29–0.47], p=0.635). Well-powered null: counts against the claim.
  • trialNCT03066830 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MulticsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 26' (Baseline to Week 26): drug -0.7% vs placebo +0.06% (Δ -0.76%, p< 0.0001).
  • trialNCT03398356 — The Assessment of the Effect of Metformin and Its Serum Concentration neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03004612 — Effect of Linagliptin + Metformin vs Metformin Alone on the Role of PaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01353391 — Metformin in Women With Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy TrialneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02597101 — Neutrophil Elastase Inhibition as Adjunctive Therapy to Improve GlucomneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03651531 — Comparison of Insulin Alone to Insulin With Metformin to Treat GestatineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01779362 — Restoring Insulin Secretion Adult Medication StudyneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT04907708 — Comparative Studies of Metformin and Insulin on Stereological Studies neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03349684 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Monotherapy-Controlled, ParneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperA phase II randomized clinical trial of the effect of metformin versus placebo on progression-free sneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT04120259 — Effect of Apple Cider Vinegar and Metformin Combination vs Metformin AneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03332771 — A 52-week Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active and Placebo-cneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT01760447 — A Pooled Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of MK-0431A and MK-0431A supportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 20' (Baseline and Week 20): drug -0.58% vs placebo -0.09% (Δ -0.49%, p== 0.018).
  • trialNCT02394158 — Preventing Recurrent Gestational Diabetes Mellitus With Early MetformineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03590262 — Effect of Metformin as add-on Therapy on Glycemic Control and Other DineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01485614 — A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-ControlledneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change From Baseline In A1C at Week 20 (Analysis of Selected' — non-significant (Δ -0.19 [-0.68–0.30], p== 0.448) but underpowered (N=200): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT03693560 — The Effect of Adding Vildagliptin Versus Glimepiride to Metformin on MneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03819790 — Variability of Glucose Assessed in a Randomized Trial Comparing the InneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03529123 — A Randomized, 24-week, Controlled, Open Label, Parallel Arm, MulticentneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04707508 — Investigating the Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in AddneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03421119 — A Phase III, Randomized, Parallel, Double-blind, and Non-inferiority CneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06084156 — A Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate the Drug-Drug Interaction BetweenneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03416127 — Effect of Propolis or Metformin Administration on Glycemic Control in neutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C)' — non-significant (Δ ≈0, p=0.236) but underpowered (N=36): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT02409238 — Insulin Resistance and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in Older ChinesneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03982238 — Effects of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Oral HypoglyceneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01001962 — Double Blind Comparison Study of JARDIANCE® (Empagliflozin) in PrehypeneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03751657 — An Investigational Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Once WeeneutralStructured CT.gov outcome 'Change in Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) [Percentage Point (%-' — non-significant (Δ -0.18 [-0.38–0.02], p=0.0818) but underpowered (N=247): coverage only, not evidence of absence.
  • trialNCT02803918 — Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Escalation, Study oneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03928340 — Effect of Adding Metformin to Insulin Therapy in Pregnant Women With TneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperMetformin and Its Benefits for Various Diseases.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • paperEffects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors, andneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT03761134 — A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MulticneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04390295 — Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of SHR3824 CombinedneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperInteraction between drugs and the gut microbiome.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT01541215 — Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide in Combination With Metformin VersusupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c (Glycosylated Haemoglobin)' (Week 0, week 26): drug -0.643% vs placebo +0.415% (Δ -1.058%, p<0.001).
  • trialNCT03980990 — Metformin Continuation Versus Interruption Following Coronary AngiograneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03359837 — A 26-Week, Multi-Center, Open-label, Randomized, Parallel-group Study neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04134650 — Effect of Low Dose Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin to ImproveneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04222348 — Efficacy of Metformin Treatment in Not Controlled With Diet GestationaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03608358 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 TneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03309007 — A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Anti-Aging, Pro-Autophagy neutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02192424 — A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Early Intermittent IntensiveneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02235298 — Effects of Dapagliflozin on Epicardial Fat in Subjects With Type 2 DianeutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03130426 — Remission Evaluation of a Metabolic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04485845 — Comparative Effecacy of Metformin and Vildagliptin on Cardiometabolic neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03445702 — Metformin Gastrointestinal Intolerance: Measurement of Mitochondrial CneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02981121 — Hospital-based Diabetes Prevention Study in Korea: A Prospective, MultneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperThe impact of Sample Handling Time on metformin serum concentration.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT03798080 — A Randomized, 30-week, Active-controlled, Open-label, 2 Treatment-arm,neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03794336 — Efficacy and Safety of Alogliptin vs. Acarbose in Chinese T2DM PatientneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04916093 — Safety and Efficacy of Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, and Metformin in RecneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04131582 — Effect of a Quadruple Therapy on Pancreatic Islet Function, Insulin ReneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02407899 — A Randomized Controlled, Open-label, Multi-center Study With 104-week neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03798054 — A Randomized, 24 Week, Active-controlled, Open-label, 3-arm, Parallel-neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03513874 — The Effect of Metformin as add-on to Insulin in Non-obese Patients WitneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperMetformin has no impact on nitric oxide production in patients with pre-diabetes.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • paperLow metformin dose and its therapeutic serum concentration in prediabetes.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT03441750 — A Multicentre, Open-labelled, Randomized, Controlled Study to EvaluateneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04209075 — Prebiotics and Metformin Influences Gut and Hormones in Type 2 DiabeteneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperA Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances HealthsneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT02744976 — Coronary Artery Disease Progression by iMap Intravascular Ultrasound AneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03018665 — A Randomized,Active-controlled,Open-label Clinical Trial to Evaluate tneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03258723 — Diabetes Prevention With Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin EscalatineutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03848533 — Effect of the Administration of Melatonin and Metformin on Glycemic ConeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02338921 — Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin, Dapagliflozin and LobeneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperEffect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic ControlsupportsEfficacy on the claim outcome reported in the conclusion.
  • trialNCT04053621 — Pirofosfato de Tiamina Como Coadyuvante de la Metformina en el TratamineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04766008 — Metformin Continuation Safety in Diabetic Patients Undergoing CoronaryneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04504045 — INFLAMMATION AND DRUG METABOLISM - Does the Effect of Drugs Decrease WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02960659 — Therapeutic Targets in African-American Youth With Type 2 DiabetesneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT02932475 — Medical Optimization of Management of Type 2 Diabetes Complicating PreneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT04615351 — A Pragmatic Approach to Lowering the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus After AneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05240274 — A Single Site, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind Randomised Clinical TrneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05041673 — Efficacy of Vildagliptin, Liraglutide and Empagliflozin in the ManagemneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02621489 — Effects on Re-endothelialisation With Bydureon Treatment Add on to InsneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04177303 — Gut-derived Incretin Hormones in the Pathophysiology of Type 1 DiabeteneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02571608 — ContinuAtioN of meTformin to Improve And KEep Peri-operative Glycemic neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03194009 — Public Healthcare Systems and Diabetes Prevention Among People of MexineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05591235 — Effect of Metformin, Dapagliflozin, Fixed Combination of Metformin andneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05479214 — Effect of Adding Metformin to Insulin in Uncontrolled Diabetic PatientneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05440591 — Effects of Dapagliflozin and Metformin on Vascular Function in Newly-DneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03429543 — A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Trial tneutralStructured CT.gov result — no clinically-meaningful HbA1c change in the drug arm (+0.33%).
  • trialNCT05939921 — Effects of Metformin Therapy on Pancreatic and Hepatic Fat Content UsineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02911792 — Effect of Farxiga on Renal Function and Size in Type 2 Diabetic PatienneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT03862716 — Remission Evaluation of a Metabolic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes WneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00965991 — A Randomized Prospective Trial of Metformin Compared to Glyburide in GneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperSTAT3/LKB1 controls metastatic prostate cancer by regulating mTORC1/CREB pathway.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT03029702 — Metabolic Analysis for Treatment Choice in Gestational Diabetes MellitneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • paperGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and safety in the preconception period.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • paperEffects of metformin on the gut microbiota: A systematic review.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT05572749 — Double-blind Randomized Cross-over Clinical Trial of Crocus Kozanis AdneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05413369 — A Randomized, 24 Weeks, Active-controlled, Open-label, 2-arm MulticentsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 24: Non-Inferiority Analysis': drug arm -1.88% (vs an active comparator, not placebo).
  • trialNCT03029390 — Effect of Administration of Berberine Versus Metformin on Glycemic ConneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03606694 — Effect of Dihydromirycetin Administration on Glycemic Control, InsulinneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05262257 — Evaluation and Intervention of Cognitive Function in Patients With DianeutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperA systematic review of GLP-1 on anthropometrics, metabolic and endocrine parameters in patients withneutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT03499704 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Two-arm, Phase 4 Study to EvaluneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • paperMetformin, Cognitive Function, and Changes in the Gut Microbiome.neutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • paperExploring the association between suicidal thoughts, self-injury, and GLP-1 receptor agonists in weineutralOn-topic, but the abstract's conclusion/results state no clear weight-loss outcome (aim, adjacent outcome, or mechanism only).
  • trialNCT05416580 — Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Ursodeoxycholic neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05942963 — PEARL-DM: Efficacy of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone in Diabetic PatieneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03503942 — The Pre-Diabetes Interventions and Continued Tracking to Ease-out DiabneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04623567 — Efficacy Assessment of Chinese Herbal Medicine Jiangtang Tiaozhi RecipneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04298684 — Efficacy of Metformin Versus Sitagliptin on Benign Thyroid Nodules SizneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06613750 — Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin Plus Gliclazide SR VersneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03968224 — Effectiveness of the Treatment With Dapagliflozin and Metformin ComparneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT06125873 — Effect of Moringa Leaf Capsules on Glycemic Control of Type 2 DiabeticneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05760456 — An Open-label, Randomized, Parallel-controlled Study to Evaluate the SneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03974139 — Study of the Communication of the Hypothalamus With the Periphery: ImpneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05680129 — A Phase 3, Multi-center, Open-label, Randomized Study to Evaluate the neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03816488 — Oral Peri-operative TIming of Metformin (or) Salsalate to Improve Non-neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06080802 — The Effect of Addition of Metformin to SGLT2 In Diabetic Patients WithneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT00038727 — Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes StudyneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT07302932 — The Effect of Metformin Treatment on Surrogate Markers of Ageing (LeukneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05779644 — Effects of GLP-1RA on Body Weight, Metabolism and Fat Distribution in neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04029480 — A Phase 3, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled CsupportsStructured CT.gov primary outcome 'Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) at Week 24 (Combined Ertugliflozin Versus Placebo)' (Baseline and Week 24): drug -0.55% vs placebo +0.12% (Δ -0.67%).
  • trialNCT05280496 — Implementation of a Pragmatic Approach to Lower Diabetes Mellitus RiskneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT04407650 — Randomised Controlled Trial of Gestational Treatment With UrsodeoxychoneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06449235 — Efficacy and Safety of Omarigliptin, A Weekly Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 IneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06723691 — A Single Center, Open-label, Two Cohorts, Fixed Sequence Trial, InvestneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT02587741 — Comparison of Diabetes Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients TreaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05833958 — Polypill Versus Metformin in New Onset Type 2 Diabetes: a Low Dose TrineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06140485 — A Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Active- ControlleneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT07541456 — Comparison of Mean Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes MelneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT07531108 — Effects of Empagliflozin-Metformin, Sitagliptin-Metformin, and MetformneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT01762046 — Study to Understand the Genetics of the Acute Response to Metformin anneutralResults posted but no readable target outcome — coverage only.
  • trialNCT06439758 — Effects of First-Line Oral Hypoglycemics in Bone Markers of Treatment neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06526494 — Metformin and Vascular Function in PrediabetesneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06339086 — A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label and Parallel-controlled Phase IIneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06059287 — The Effect of Henagliflozin and Metformin on Myocardial Tissue-level CneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06846411 — Empagliflozin Versus Metformin for Glucose Variability and Metabolic OneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03982381 — A Multicenter, Register-based, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06911983 — Comparative Efficacy of Metformin and Berberine Among TCF7L2 (rs790314neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT07061496 — Comparative Effects of Exercise and Metformin on Glycemic Control in PneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06296836 — Effect of Continuing Versus Holding Metformin During Hospitalizations neutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05182970 — The Myocardial Infarction and New Treatment With Metformin Study (MIMEneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT07279909 — Pre-Clinical & Clinical Studies on Poly Herbal Anti-Diabetic FormulatineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT03570632 — Metformin for Preeclampsia Prevention in Pregnant Women With Type 1 DineutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • regulatoryFDA — filed—Regulatory standing (separate axis) — never inflates evidential confidence.
  • regulatoryFDA — filed—Regulatory standing (separate axis) — never inflates evidential confidence.
  • trialNCT04523363 — Metformin Versus Standard of Care Treatment in Pregnant Women With PreneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05345327 — SGLT2 Inhibitors As First Line Therapy to Prevent Renal Decline in TypneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06589141 — Comparison Between Metformin and Glyburide in the Management of GestatneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT06851962 — Open-label, Double-arm, Controlled, Randomized, Multicentre Clinical TneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
  • trialNCT05098470 — Effects of Modulators of Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis and GlucokinaneutralNo posted results — existence/phase are not direction.
View methodology and known limitations
Engine methodology v1.7.0. Methodology-version changes are recorded separately from new evidence; a change in engine version reinterprets existing evidence and is not a new scientific discovery.
  • Engine constants are calibrated against a small anchor set — coarse, not authoritative.
  • Evidence is skewed toward the drug's sponsor; genuinely independent replication is the honest ceiling.
  • Paper direction is extracted from abstracts; the hedged tail stays neutral (coverage, not confidence).
  • Regulatory approval is tracked on a separate axis and never inflates evidential confidence.
Computed 2026-08-05 · not medical advice.