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Disease

Disease Resistance

Emerging researchRising momentum
MeSHDisease Resistance
10
Publications
2025
Latest publication
Latest activity
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Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this disease.

Plant cell wall structure and dynamics in plant-pathogen interactions and pathogen defence.

Research2025-01-01Journal of experimental botany

Genetic engineering, including genome editing, for enhancing broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops.

Research2024-11-20Plant communications

A single NLR gene confers resistance to leaf and stripe rust in wheat.

Research2024-11-15Nature communications

Unveiling the multifaceted role of toll-like receptors in immunity of aquatic animals: pioneering strategies for disease management.

Research2024-10-17Frontiers in immunology

The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment.

Research2024-04-01Cell

Precision genetics tools for genetic improvement of banana.

Research2023-11-27The plant genome

Cassava molecular genetics and genomics for enhanced resistance to diseases and pests.

Research2023-11-07Molecular plant pathology

Role of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds in Promoting Plant Growth and Disease Resistance in Horticultural Production.

Research2023-06-27Plant signaling & behavior

Broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight in rice using genome editing.

Research2019-10-28Nature biotechnology

Neutrophil extracellular traps: double-edged swords of innate immunity.

Research2012-09-01Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

What's happening now

An analyst briefing on current research, clinical, regulatory and industry activity surrounding this disease.

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Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies
Efavirenzapproved

Product authorisation ended — Stocrin is indicated in antiviral combination treatment of human-immunodeficiency-virus-1… (2025)

Maribavirapproved

Original application approval — LIVTENCITY is indicated for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and/or disea… (2022)

Sunitinibapproved

Generic approval — Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) Sunitinib Accord is indicated for the treatment of… (2021)

Tenofovir disoproxilapproved

Generic approval — HIV-1 infection Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg film-coated tablets are indicated in combinat… (2016)

Tenofovir disoproxil phosphateapproved

Generic approval — HIV?1 infection Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva is indicated in combination with other antir… (2016)

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarateapproved

Original application approval — HIV 1 infection Viread 123 mg film coated tablets are indicated in combination with other… (2002)

Lamivudineapproved

Original application approval — Zeffix is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: compensated… (1999)

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

Product approvals and authorisations
2022emaOriginal application approval — Maribavir· LIVTENCITY is indicated for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and/or disease that are refractory (with or without resistance) to one or more prior therapies, including ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir or foscarnet in adult patients who have undergone a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) or solid organ transplant (SOT). Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antiviral agents. source ↗
2021emaGeneric approval — Sunitinib· Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) Sunitinib Accord is indicated for the treatment of unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) in adults after failure of imatinib treatment due to resistance or intolerance. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) Sunitinib Accord is indicated for the treatment of advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) in adults. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) Sunitinib Accord is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) with disease progression in adults. source ↗
2016emaGeneric approval — Tenofovir disoproxil· HIV-1 infection Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg film-coated tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV-1 infected adults. In adults, the demonstration of the benefit of tenofovir disoproxil in HIV-1 infection is based on results of one study in treatment-naïve patients, including patients with a high viral load (> 100,000 copies/ml) and studies in which tenofovir disoproxil was added to stable background therapy (mainly tritherapy) in antiretroviral pre-treated patients experiencing early virological failure (< 10,000 copies/ml, with the majority of patients having < 5,000 copies/ml). Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg film-coated tablets are also indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infected adolescents, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 12 to < 18 years. The choice of tenofovir disoproxil to treat antiretroviral-experienced patients with HIV-1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg film-coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: compensated liver disease, with evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. evidence of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. decompensated liver disease. Tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg film-coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adolescents 12 to < 18 years of age with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum ALT levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis. source ↗
2016emaGeneric approval — Tenofovir disoproxil phosphate· HIV?1 infection Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV?1 infected adults. In adults, the demonstration of the benefit of tenofovir disoproxil in HIV?1 infection is based on results of one study in treatment?naïve patients, including patients with a high viral load (> 100,000 copies/ml) and studies in which tenofovir disoproxil was added to stable background therapy (mainly tritherapy) in antiretroviral pre?treated patients experiencing early virological failure (< 10,000 copies/ml, with the majority of patients having < 5,000 copies/ml). Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva is also indicated for the treatment of HIV?1 infected adolescents, with NRTI (nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor) resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 12 to < 18 years. The choice of Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva to treat antiretroviral?experienced patients with HIV?1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: compensated liver disease, with evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis (see section 5.1); evidence of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (see sections 4.8 and 5.1); decompensated liver disease (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1). Tenofovir disoproxil Zentiva is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adolescents 12 to < 18 years of age with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, persistently elevated serum ALT levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1). source ↗
2006emaOriginal application approval — Sunitinib· Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) Sutent is indicated for the treatment of unresectable and/or metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) in adults after failure of imatinib mesilate treatment due to resistance or intolerance. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) Sutent is indicated for the treatment of advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) in adults. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNET) Sutent is indicated for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours with disease progression in adults. Experience with Sutent as first-line treatment is limited (see section 5.1). source ↗
2002emaOriginal application approval — Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate· HIV 1 infection Viread 123 mg film coated tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected paediatric patients, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 17 kg to less than 22 kg. The choice of Viread to treat antiretroviral experienced patients with HIV 1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Viread 123 mg film coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in paediatric patients aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 17 kg to less than 22 kg, with compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication and persistently elevated serum ALT levels, or histological evidence of moderate to severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.  With respect to the decision to initiate treatment in paediatric patients, see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1. HIV 1 infection Viread 163 mg film coated tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected paediatric patients, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 22 kg to less than 28 kg. The choice of Viread to treat antiretroviral experienced patients with HIV 1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Viread 163 mg film coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in paediatric patients aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 22 kg to less than 28 kg, with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication and persistently elevated serum ALT levels, or histological evidence of moderate to severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.  With respect to the decision to initiate treatment in paediatric patients, see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1. HIV 1 infection Viread 204 mg film coated tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected paediatric patients, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 28 kg to less than 35 kg. The choice of Viread to treat antiretroviral experienced patients with HIV 1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Viread 204 mg film coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in paediatric patients aged 6 to < 12 years who weigh from 28 kg to less than 35 kg, with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication and persistently elevated serum ALT levels or histological evidence of moderate to severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.  With respect to the decision to initiate treatment in paediatric patients, see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1. HIV 1 infection Viread 245 mg film coated tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected adults. In adults, the demonstration of the benefit of Viread in HIV 1 infection is based on results of one study in treatment naïve patients, including patients with a high viral load (> 100,000 copies/ml) and studies in which Viread was added to stable background therapy (mainly tritherapy) in antiretroviral pre-treated patients experiencing early virological failure (< 10,000 copies/ml, with the majority of patients having < 5,000 copies/ml). Viread 245 mg film coated tablets are also indicated for the treatment of HIV 1 infected adolescents, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, aged 12 to < 18 years. The choice of Viread to treat antiretroviral experienced patients with HIV 1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Viread 245 mg film coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: compensated liver disease, with evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis (see section 5.1). evidence of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus (see sections 4.8 and 5.1). decompensated liver disease (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1). Viread 245 mg film coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adolescents 12 to < 18 years of age with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication and persistently elevated serum ALT levels, or histological evidence of moderate to severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.  With respect to the decision to initiate treatment in paediatric patients, see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1. HIV 1 infection Viread 33 mg/g granules are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected paediatric patients, with NRTI resistance or toxicities precluding the use of first line agents, from 2 to < 6 years of age, and above 6 years of age for whom a solid dosage form is not appropriate. Viread 33 mg/g granules are also indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV 1 infected adults for whom a solid dosage form is not appropriate. In adults, the demonstration of the benefit of Viread in HIV 1 infection is based on results of one study in treatment naïve patients, including patients with a high viral load (> 100,000 copies/ml) and studies in which Viread was added to stable background therapy (mainly tritherapy) in antiretroviral pre-treated patients experiencing early virological failure (< 10,000 copies/ml, with the majority of patients having < 5,000 copies/ml). The choice of Viread to treat antiretroviral experienced patients with HIV 1 infection should be based on individual viral resistance testing and/or treatment history of patients. Hepatitis B infection Viread 33 mg/g granules are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults for whom a solid dosage form is not appropriate with: compensated liver disease, with evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active inflammation and/or fibrosis (see section 5.1). evidence of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus (see sections 4.8 and 5.1). decompensated liver disease (see sections 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1). Viread 33 mg/g granules are also indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in paediatric patients2 to < 18 years of age for whom a solid dosage form is not appropriate with: compensated liver disease and evidence of immune active disease, i.e. active viral replication, and persistently elevated serum ALT levels, or histological evidence of moderate to severe inflammation and/or fibrosis.  With respect to the decision to initiate treatment in paediatric patients, see sections 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 and 5.1. source ↗
1999emaOriginal application approval — Lamivudine· Zeffix is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adults with: compensated liver disease with evidence of active viral replication, persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and histological evidence of active liver inflammation and / or fibrosis. Initiation of lamivudine treatment should only be considered when the use of an alternative antiviral agent with a higher genetic barrier is not available or appropriate; decompensated liver disease in combination with a second agent without cross-resistance to lamivudine. source ↗
Other regulatory activity
2025emaProduct authorisation ended — Efavirenz· Stocrin is indicated in antiviral combination treatment of human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected adults, adolescents and children three years of age and older. Stocrin has not been adequately studied in patients with advanced HIV disease, namely in patients with CD4 counts < 50 cells/mm3, or after failure of protease-inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens. Although cross-resistance of efavirenz with PIs has not been documented, there are at present insufficient data on the efficacy of subsequent use of PI-based combination therapy after failure of regimens containing Stocrin. source ↗
2024emaProduct authorisation ended — Efavirenz· Sustiva is indicated in antiviral combination treatment of human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected adults, adolescents and children three years of age and older. Sustiva has not been adequately studied in patients with advanced HIV disease, namely in patients with CD4 counts < 50 cells/mm3, or after failure of protease-inhibitor (PI)-containing regimens. Although cross-resistance of efavirenz with PIs has not been documented, there are at present insufficient data on the efficacy of subsequent use of PI-based combination therapy after failure of regimens containing Sustiva. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

10 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time
2012–2025
Major themes8
  • Disease Resistance4
  • Plant Diseases4
  • Gene Editing2
  • Basidiomycota1
  • Cell Wall1
  • Crops, Agricultural1
  • Fishes1
  • Genetic Engineering1
Leading journals6
  • Cell1
  • Frontiers in immunology1
  • Journal of experimental botany1
  • Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)1
  • Molecular plant pathology1
  • Nature biotechnology1
Leading researchers8
  • Ntui VO2
  • Tripathi JN2
  • Tripathi L2
  • Anikster Y1
  • Atienza-Grande G1
  • Auguy F1
  • Avni R1
  • Ben-Yehuda P1
Affiliations (unnormalised)6
  • International Institute of Tropical Agriculture2
  • Agricultural Institute1
  • Bond Life Sciences Center1
  • Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG)1
  • Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology1
  • Cereal Disease Laboratory1

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Disease resistance is the capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents that cause them. In the supplied grounding, the term is used most often in plants, where it refers to inherited or engineered ability to resist plant diseases and pathogen attack. The literature frames it as a property of plant immune systems and, in some contexts, of innate immunity more broadly.

Pathophysiology

In plants, disease resistance is mediated by immune systems that detect extracellular microbe-associated molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors through extracellular and intracellular receptors. These recognition events activate downstream defense responses, including mechanisms involving plant cell walls as physical barriers and their rapid remodeling during pathogen interaction. The grounding also links disease resistance to innate immune signaling and, in aquatic animals, to pattern-recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors.

Risk factors

The grounding does not support specific risk factors for disease resistance as a disease state. It does indicate that pathogen pressure, shifting pathogen ranges under climate change, and biotic stressors are relevant contexts in which resistance is important.

Current standard of care

In crops, disease resistance is generally pursued through breeding for resistance genes and through genetic engineering or genome editing to enhance broad-spectrum resistance. The literature also describes gene stacking, multiplexed genome editing, and use of immune-stimulating microbial volatile organic compounds as strategies to improve disease resistance. These are presented as crop-protection modalities rather than individualized treatments.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.

Identifiers
MeSHDisease Resistance
References & data sources
  • Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
  • Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
  • Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.