Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.2026-04-27

Upcoming trial readoutImportant

Evaluation of Postoperative Pain After Using Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin, or Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments in Root Canal Treatment of Necrotic Mandibular Posterior Teeth. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Results expected Q1 20272026-07-21

Upcoming trial readoutImportant

Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Cerebral RAdiation Induced NecrosiS (BRAINS) Study: a Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Clinical Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Bevacizumab Versus Corticosteroids as First-line Treatment in Patients With Symptomatic Cerebral Radiation Necrosis After Radiation for High-grade Glioma or Brain Metastases

Results expected Q3 20282026-02-25

Clinical Milestones5View

Results expected 3

Recently completed 2

2026-05-01Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol (PENTO) in the Treatment of Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Novel Non-operative TreatmentPrimary completion
2025-11-30A Prospective Phase 2 Study of Chlorophyllin for the Management of Brain Radionecrosis in Patients With Diffuse GliomaPrimary completion

Industry & Market3View

2026-09-14Biologic Switching Strategies for Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Refractory Noninfectious Uveitis:Industry · Ophthalmology (AAO)
2026-08-20Optimizing Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Therapy in UveitisIndustry · Ophthalmology (AAO)
2026-07-21Progressive Retinal Necrosis: Better Term for Progressive Outer Retinal NecrosisIndustry · Ophthalmology (AAO)

Regulatory Updates1View

2026-04-27Approval — TocilizumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.

Activity timeline9

2026-09-14IndustryBiologic Switching Strategies for Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Refractory Noninfectious Uveitis:Industry · Ophthalmology (AAO)
2026-08-20IndustryOptimizing Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Therapy in UveitisIndustry · Ophthalmology (AAO)
2026-07-21ClinicalEvaluation of Postoperative Pain After Using Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin, or Calcium Hydroxide as Intracanal Medicaments in Root Canal Treatment of Necrotic Mandibular Posterior Teeth. A Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q1 2027
2026-07-21IndustryProgressive Retinal Necrosis: Better Term for Progressive Outer Retinal NecrosisIndustry · Ophthalmology (AAO)
2026-05-01ClinicalPentoxifylline and Tocopherol (PENTO) in the Treatment of Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Novel Non-operative TreatmentPrimary completion
2026-04-27RegulatoryApproval — TocilizumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.
2026-04-13ClinicalA Feasibility Study of Alendronate as Treatment for Osteonecrosis in Adults With Sickle Cell DiseaseResults expected Q4 2026
2026-02-25ClinicalBevacizumab for the Treatment of Cerebral RAdiation Induced NecrosiS (BRAINS) Study: a Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Clinical Efficacy and Cost-effectiveness of Bevacizumab Versus Corticosteroids as First-line Treatment in Patients With Symptomatic Cerebral Radiation Necrosis After Radiation for High-grade Glioma or Brain MetastasesResults expected Q3 2028
2025-11-30ClinicalA Prospective Phase 2 Study of Chlorophyllin for the Management of Brain Radionecrosis in Patients With Diffuse GliomaPrimary completion

Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies

Tocilizumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated fo… (2026)

Ustekinumabapproved

Approval — Plaque psoriasis Yesintek is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque ps… (2025)

Rituximabapproved

Approval — Riximyo is indicated in adults for the following indications: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL… (2017)

Vedolizumabapproved

Approval — Ulcerative colitis Entyvio is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderate… (2014)

Clinical trials

18 sponsors · 2 new · 0 completed in the last 12 months (net +2)

The current development programme across all trial phases.

Clinical programme

All trials

Active

Late-stage

Completed

Late-stage studies

Corticodependent or Corticoresistant Brain Radionecrosis After Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases: a Multicentre Randomized, Controlled Double-blind Phase III Study, Comparing Bevacizumab Versus Placebo

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Institut Cancerologie de l'Ouest

Phase 3 · Recruiting · The Netherlands Cancer Institute

Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol (PENTO) in the Treatment of Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Novel Non-operative Treatment

Phase 3 · Active, not recruiting · University of Washington

Clinical and Ultrasonographic Enthesitis Assessment Before and After Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment in Patients With Spondyloarthritis

Phase 4 · Completed · Gunay ER

Enhancement of Apexification Procedure Outcome of Non Vital Incompletely Formed Roots Using Apical Matrix

Phase 2/3 · Completed · Al-Azhar University

Study Into the Effect of Ibandronate for the Treatment of Bone Marrow Edema in Relation to Spontaneous or Non-traumatic Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Phase 3 · Completed · University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

Recruiting

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Institut Cancerologie de l'Ouest

Phase 3 · Recruiting · The Netherlands Cancer Institute

A Feasibility Study of Alendronate as Treatment for Osteonecrosis in Adults With Sickle Cell Disease

Phase 2 · Recruiting · University of California, Davis

A Prospective Phase 2 Study of Chlorophyllin for the Management of Brain Radionecrosis in Patients With Diffuse Glioma

Phase 2 · Recruiting · Tata Memorial Centre

Early Phase 1 · Recruiting · Cairo University

Recently completed

Clinical and Ultrasonographic Enthesitis Assessment Before and After Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Treatment in Patients With Spondyloarthritis

Phase 4 · Completed · Gunay ER

Enhancement of Apexification Procedure Outcome of Non Vital Incompletely Formed Roots Using Apical Matrix

Phase 2/3 · Completed · Al-Azhar University

Study Into the Effect of Ibandronate for the Treatment of Bone Marrow Edema in Relation to Spontaneous or Non-traumatic Osteonecrosis of the Knee: A Randomized Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

Phase 3 · Completed · University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland

Multicenter, Open-labeled, Randomized Clinical Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Zoledronic Acid in Preventing Collapse of the Osteonecrotic Femoral Head

Phase 3 · Completed · Seoul National University Bundang Hospital

High Loading ROsuvastatin Pretreatment in Patients Undergoing Elective PCI to Reduce the Incidence of MyocArdial Periprocedural Necrosis : Comparison With Atorvastatin High Dose Reloading.

Phase 3 · Completed · Gennaro Sardella

Assessment of a New Apexification Method for Patients Presenting a Non Vital Immature Tooth

Phase 3 · Completed · Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

First approvals

2026emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (see Section 4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for thetreatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoidfactor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (see Section4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaApproval — Ustekinumab· Plaque psoriasis Yesintek is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who failed to respond to, or who have a contraindication to, or are intolerant to other systemic therapies including ciclosporin, methotrexate (MTX) or PUVA (psoralen and ultraviolet A). Paediatric plaque psoriasis Yesintek is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in children and adolescent patients from the age of 6 years and older, who are inadequately controlled by, or are intolerant to, other systemic therapies or phototherapies. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Yesintek, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous non-biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy has been inadequate. Adult Crohn’s Disease Yesintek is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease who have had an inadequate response with lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) antagonist or have medical contraindications to such therapies Paediatric Crohn's Disease (applicable only for vial and PFS presentations) Yesintek is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease in paediatric patients weighing at least 40 kg, who have had an inadequate response to, or were intolerant to either conventional or biologic therapy. source ↗

2024emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): - the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with methotrexate (MTX) (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). - the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA): the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (PJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA): the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). source ↗

2023emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Tyenne, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Tyenne can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Tyenne in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2017emaApproval — Rituximab· Riximyo is indicated in adults for the following indications: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) Riximyo is indicated for the treatment of previously untreated adult patients with stage III-IV follicular lymphoma in combination with chemotherapy. Riximyo maintenance therapy is indicated for the treatment of adult follicular lymphoma patients responding to induction therapy. Riximyo monotherapy is indicated for treatment of adult patients with stage III-IV follicular lymphoma who are chemoresistant or are in their second or subsequent relapse after chemotherapy. Riximyo is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with CD20 positive diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) chemotherapy. Riximyo in combination with chemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of paediatric patients (aged ? 6 months to < 18 years old) with previously untreated advanced stage CD20 positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL)/Burkitt leukaemia (mature B-cell acute leukaemia) (BAL) or Burkitt-like lymphoma (BLL). Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Riximyo in combination with chemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with previously untreated and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Only limited data are available on efficacy and safety for patients previously treated with monoclonal antibodies including rituximab or patients refractory to previous rituximab plus chemotherapy. See section 5.1 for further information. Rheumatoid arthritis Riximyo in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with severe active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) including one or more tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapies. Rituximab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis Riximyo, in combination with glucocorticoids, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with severe, active granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Riximyo, in combination with glucocorticoids, is indicated for the induction of remission in paediatric patients (aged ? 2 to < 18 years old) with severe, active GPA (Wegener’s) and MPA. Pemphigus vulgaris Riximyo is indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe pemphigus vulgaris (PV). source ↗

2017emaApproval — Rituximab· Rixathon is indicated in adults for the following indications: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) Rixathon is indicated for the treatment of previously untreated adult patients with stage III-IV follicular lymphoma in combination with chemotherapy. Rixathon maintenance therapy is indicated for the treatment of adult follicular lymphoma patients responding to induction therapy. Rixathon monotherapy is indicated for treatment of adult patients with stage III-IV follicular lymphoma who are chemoresistant or are in their second or subsequent relapse after chemotherapy. Rixathon is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with CD20 positive diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) chemotherapy. Rixathon in combination with chemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of paediatric patients (aged ? 6 months to < 18 years old) with previously untreated advanced stage CD20 positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL)/Burkitt leukaemia (mature B-cell acute leukaemia) (BAL) or Burkitt-like lymphoma (BLL). Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) Rixathon in combination with chemotherapy is indicated for the treatment of patients with previously untreated and relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Only limited data are available on efficacy and safety for patients previously treated with monoclonal antibodies including rituximab or patients refractory to previous rituximab plus chemotherapy. See section 5.1 for further information. Rheumatoid arthritis Rixathon in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with severe active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to other disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) including one or more tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapies. Rituximab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis Rixathon, in combination with glucocorticoids, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with severe, active granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Rixathon, in combination with glucocorticoids, is indicated for the induction of remission in paediatric patients (aged ? 2 to < 18 years old) with severe, active GPA (Wegener’s) and MPA. Pemphigus vulgaris Rixathon is indicated for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe pemphigus vulgaris (PV). source ↗

2014emaApproval — Vedolizumab· Ulcerative colitis Entyvio is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF?) antagonist. Crohn’s disease Entyvio is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF?) antagonist. Pouchitis Entyvio is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active chronic pouchitis, who have undergone proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis, and have had an inadequate response with or lost response to antibiotic therapy. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

7 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

20072024

Most influential

Malignant astrocytic glioma: genetics, biology, and paths to treatment.

Genes & development · 2007 · 1,680 cites

Cell Death Signaling.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2015 · 790 cites

Alox15/15-HpETE Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis.

Circulation · 2023 · 296 cites

Regulated cell death pathways in kidney disease.

Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2023 · 268 cites

Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, Cell Death and Neurodegeneration.

Cells · 2024 · 27 cites

Necrosis Links Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease.

International journal of molecular sciences · 2024 · 13 cites

Recent publications

Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, Cell Death and Neurodegeneration.

Cells · 2024 · 27 cites

Necrosis Links Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease.

International journal of molecular sciences · 2024 · 13 cites

Sex Differences in Organophosphate Model of Benzodiazepine-Refractory Status Epilepticus and Neuronal Damage.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024 · 12 cites

Alox15/15-HpETE Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis.

Circulation · 2023 · 296 cites

Regulated cell death pathways in kidney disease.

Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2023 · 268 cites

Cell Death Signaling.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2015 · 790 cites

Major themes8

Ferroptosis2
Neurodegenerative Diseases2
Acute Kidney Injury1
Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase1
Brain Injuries1
Cell Death1
HMGB1 Protein1
Mitochondrial Transmembrane Permeability-Driven Necrosis1

Leading journals6

Cells1
Circulation1
Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology1
Genes & development1
International journal of molecular sciences1
Nature reviews. Nephrology1

Leading researchers8

Abramov AY1
Ai D1
Angelova PR1
Bachoo RM1
Baev AY1
Brennan C1
Cai W1
Cavenee WK1

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

Cell Physiology and Pathology Laboratory1
Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences1
Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute of Pharmacology and Neurotherapeutics1
Laboratory of Experimental Biophysics1
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research1
Medical Research Institute1

Related conditions

1 match

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Neurodegenerative Diseases2

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Necrosis is the death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. In the supplied literature, it is discussed as a form of cell death that can contribute to tissue damage in settings such as kidney disease, neurodegeneration, and malignant glioma.

Causes

The grounding supports disease, injury, and failure of blood supply as causes of necrosis. It also places necrosis within broader cell-death responses that can be triggered by specific stimuli and overlap with apoptosis and other regulated cell-death pathways.

Pathophysiology

Necrosis is a cell-death process that results in loss of cells within tissue, contributing to organ dysfunction and tissue damage. The supplied abstracts link necrosis to regulated cell-death biology, including overlap with apoptosis, ferroptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition, and note that necrotic neuronal cell death may occur through distinct subtypes.

Risk factors

Conditions associated with tissue injury, impaired blood supply, or disease processes that promote cell loss increase the likelihood of necrosis. The grounding specifically connects necrosis-related cell death to kidney disease, neurodegenerative disease, and malignant astrocytic glioma, but does not provide more specific risk factors.

Current standard of care

The supplied grounding does not describe a standard treatment for necrosis itself. It only indicates that management in related diseases may involve therapies directed at the underlying condition, such as approaches for malignant glioma or symptomatic care in neurodegenerative disease.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 5 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.

Identifiers

MeSHNecrosis

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.