Drug

Ciprofloxacin

Approved · FDA

ClassBacterial DNA gyrase inhibitorEmerging researchLate-stage developmentSteady momentum

Also known as 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Cetraxal, Ciloxan, Cipro+17 more

1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Cetraxal, Ciloxan, Cipro, Cipro HC, Ciprodex, Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic, Ciprofloxacin Otic, Ciprofloxacin-Dexamethasone, Otiprio, Otovel, Proquin, Ciprofloxacine, Ciprofloxacino, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride, Ciprofloxacinum.

RxNorm2551 ChEMBLCHEMBL8 ATCJ01MA02 ATCS03AA07 ATCS01AE03 ATCS02AA15UNII5E8K9I0O4U

Research papers

Active clinical trials

Protein targets

Regulatory events

Latest activity

beta

Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this drug.

Catalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin via peroxymonosulfate activation using a UiO66 and amino functionalized silica coated magnetite composite

Industry2026-07-27Nature — Environmental Sciences

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076558)

Regulatory2026-07-22FDA

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076794)

Regulatory2026-07-22FDA

Oral Antimicrobial Treatment vs. Outpatient Parenteral for Infective Endocarditis

Clinical trial2026-07-07Results expected Q4 2026 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Adsorption of ciprofloxacin onto engineered biochar derived from floating aquatic weed biomass with isotherm kinetic and interaction mechanism analysis

Industry2026-07-02Nature — Environmental Sciences

PROMIZE: A Phase I/II Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Preliminary Anti-tumour Activity of Oral Combination Antibiotic Therapy to Modulate the Microbiome in Combination With Enzalutamide With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC).

Clinical trial2026-06-30Primary completion · ClinicalTrials.gov

Prophylactic Antibiotics During Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder With Intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA for the Reduction of Postoperative UTI: a Randomized Blinded Placebo-controlled Trial

Clinical trial2026-06-30Primary completion · ClinicalTrials.gov

A Randomized, Non-inferiority, Active Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Versus Doxycycline in the Treatment of Plague in Humans

Clinical trial2026-06-03Results posted · ClinicalTrials.gov

Compatible co-administration of BioThrax® vaccine and ciprofloxacin-Results of a randomized open-label drug-vaccine interaction trial.

Research2024-01-07Vaccine: X

Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi genomes.

Research2023-09-12eLife

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076558)

Regulatory2023-08-31FDA

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076558)

Regulatory2023-08-31FDA

Profile

Identifiers & mechanism

Canonical identifiers, marketed brand names and mechanism, resolved across RxNorm, ChEMBL and ATC.

Canonical name

Ciprofloxacin

Aliases & brands

1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acidCetraxalCiloxanCiproCipro HCCiprodexCiprofloxacin OphthalmicCiprofloxacin OticCiprofloxacin-DexamethasoneOtiprioOtovelProquinCiprofloxacineCiprofloxacino1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-yl-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-hexahydro-1-pyrazinyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acidCiprofloxacin HydrochlorideCiprofloxacinum

RxNorm CUI

2551

ChEMBL ID

CHEMBL8

ATC codes

J01MA02S03AA07S01AE03S02AA15

UNII

5E8K9I0O4U

Primary mechanism

Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor

Regulatory jurisdictions

fda

Pharmacology & targets

4 targets

Known molecular targets and mechanisms supported by curated pharmacology databases.

DNA gyrase subunit B

gyrB · P0AES6

INHIBITORBacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor

DNA gyrase subunit A

gyrA · P0AES4

INHIBITORBacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor

DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit A

parC · P0AFI2

INHIBITORTopoisomerase IV inhibitor

DNA topoisomerase 4 subunit B

parE · P20083

INHIBITORTopoisomerase IV inhibitor

Regulatory timeline

51 events

The complete regulatory record, grouped by authority — approvals, safety advisories and label changes. Each authority shows its most recent events; expand one to read its full history.

Earliest approval

2004-06-09

Latest approval

2014-10-31

Authorities

FDA

Total events

fdaU.S. Food and Drug Administration· 51 events

2026-07-22Label change

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076794)

Evidence ↗

2026-07-22Label change

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076558)

Evidence ↗

2023-08-31Label change

Label change: CIPROFLOXACIN (ANDA076558)

Evidence ↗

Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), public domain (CC0).

Clinical trials

160 trials

The current development programme across all trial phases — status mix, phase distribution and the late-stage studies shaping the evidence base.

Development programme

CLINICALTRIALS.GOV · LIVE REGISTRY

160

registered trials across all phases

LATEST COMPLETION 2026

Active studies

Recruiting

Late-stage (III+)

109

Completed

Discontinued

PHASE DISTRIBUTIONn = 160

Early Phase 14Phase 132Phase 1 / 23Phase 229Phase 330Phase 439Phase N / A23

Late-stage studies

Phase III+ trials still open or recently active — where late-stage evidence is being generated.

Oral Antimicrobial Treatment vs. Outpatient Parenteral for Infective Endocarditis

RecruitingPH IVFundacion Clinic per a la Recerca Biomédican=3602027

CAT BITE Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Durations for the Hand/Forearm (CATBITE): A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blinded, Clinical Trial

RecruitingPH IVUniversity of Missouri-Columbian=722027

REINFORCE - Reducing Infection-related Readmissions Following Cystectomy. a Multicentre Randomised Clinical Trial Testing Superiority of Individualised Targeted Antibiotic Prophylaxis Over Empiric Prophylaxis At Ureteral Stent Removal to Reduce Infection-related Readmissions Following Cystectomy.

RecruitingPH IVRigshospitalet, Denmarkn=2482027

Prophylactic Antibiotics During Treatment of Idiopathic Overactive Bladder With Intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA for the Reduction of Postoperative UTI: a Randomized Blinded Placebo-controlled Trial

RecruitingPH IVUniversity of Albertan=2022026

Ciprofloxacin Versus Ceftazidime as Empirical Therapy of High-Risk Neutropenic Fever in Children With Hematologic Malignancies : A Randomized Controlled Trial

RecruitingPH IVGadjah Mada Universityn=1202025

Recent completions

Trials that read out recently, adding to the completed evidence base.

Comparison of Intravenous Ciprofloxacin and Intravenous Ceftriaxone in the Management of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis of Liver

CompletedN/AShahida Islam Medical Complexn=3102026

Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, (DMID) 21-0018: Efficacy of Immunization With 4C-MenB in Preventing Experimental Urethral Infection With Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

CompletedPH IIUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hilln=652026

Early Versus Late Stopping of Antibiotics in Children With Cancer and High-risk Febrile Neutropenia

CompletedPH IVMurdoch Childrens Research Instituten=552025

Efficacy and Safety of tobRamycin Inhalation Solution for Pseudomonas AeruginoSa Eradication in Bronchiectasis (ERASE): a Multi-center, 2×2 Factorial Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial

CompletedPH IVJin-Fu Xun=3712025

Efficacy of Levofloxacin Versus Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Childhood Typhoid Fever

CompletedPH IIAvicenna Medical College Lahoren=3602025

Effect of Glycemic Status on Antimicrobial Response in T2DM Patients With Recurrent UTI, Prospective Comparative Study

CompletedN/AAl-Mustansiriyah Universityn=992025

Research activity

6 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this drug, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

20082024

Most influential

The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing.

PLoS biology · 2008 · 1,694 cites

Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin attenuate microglia inflammatory response via TLR4/NF-kB pathway.

Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019 · 419 cites

Comparative efficacy and safety of 4 randomized regimens to treat early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in children with cystic fibrosis.

Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine · 2011 · 162 cites

Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi genomes.

eLife · 2023 · 93 cites

Cefpodoxime vs ciprofloxacin for short-course treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis: a randomized trial.

JAMA · 2012 · 48 cites

Compatible co-administration of BioThrax® vaccine and ciprofloxacin-Results of a randomized open-label drug-vaccine interaction trial.

Vaccine: X · 2024 · 1 cites

Related drugs

1 matches

Drugs sharing diseases, protein targets and literature with this one. Ranked by graph evidence (shared targets + diseases weighted above co-mentions).

Levofloxacin

Studied across the same disease area as Ciprofloxacin in the shared literature.

1 shared disease1 shared paper

References & data sources

RxNorm (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — drug identity
ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI) & UniProt — pharmacology and targets
Europe PMC — research literature
ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical trials
Regulatory event sources are credited in the Regulatory Timeline above.