Protein / target

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Encoded byCSF2P04141Homo sapiensSwiss-Prot

UniProt: P04141 Ensembl: ENSG00000164400 HGNC: HGNC:2434 NCBI Gene: 1437

Clinical-stage

Therapeutic maturity

Clinical candidates

Antibody-tractable

Druggability

Advanced Clinical

Research papers

Protein at a glance

Biological role

Growth factor

Strongest disease association

Asthma

Via encoding gene CSF2 · Genetic evidence · score 0.83

Therapeutic position

Clinically advancing target

Antibodies

Research activity

Emerging research

5 papers · latest 2024

Derived from structured UniProt, Open Targets and literature data on this page.

Protein profile

UniProt 2026_02

Canonical identity and biological annotation from UniProt.

Function overview

Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes

Subcellular location

Secreted

Domains and Gene Ontology detail (30)

Gene Ontology

Cextracellular region
Cextracellular space
Cplasma membrane
Fcytokine activity
Fgranulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
Fgrowth factor activity
Pcell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
Pcell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT
Pcellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus
Pcellular response to lipopolysaccharide
Pdendritic cell differentiation
Pepithelial fluid transport

144 aa · 16 kDa

Biological roles

What this protein does, drawn together from its UniProt function, Gene Ontology terms and Reactome pathways.

Cell proliferation & survivalGOCell migrationGOImmune signallingUniProt · GOTranscriptional regulationGO

View supporting evidence

Cell proliferation & survival

·positive regulation of cell population proliferation

Cell migration

·positive regulation of cell migration

Immune signalling

·Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells…
·cytokine activity
·immune response
·positive regulation of interleukin-23 production

Transcriptional regulation

·negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
·positive regulation of gene expression

Concepts derived from UniProt GO Reactome — each badge above shows which sources supported that role.

Translational evidence

Open Targets 26

Why this target matters therapeutically, strongest evidence first. Disease associations are gene-level (via the gene that encodes this protein) and open into the full confidence synthesis; the development universe, tractability and safety annotations are target-level, from Open Targets.

Strongest disease associations · via encoding gene CSF2

Gene-level evidence surfaced through the gene CSF2that encodes this protein — not a direct protein–disease relationship. Ranked by Forefront's causal-directness weighting, so genetically- and clinically-evidenced diseases lead over ones that merely share the literature.

Asthma

0.86Well supported

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.54

Arthritis, Rheumatoid

0.63Moderately supported

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.42

Psoriasis

0.59Moderately supported

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.34

COVID-19

0.53Moderately supported

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.35

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular

0.49Limited support

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.36

View evidence synthesis (5)

AsthmaWell supported

0.86

agreement 0.76–0.97

Genetic78%Literature11%Clinical9%RNA expression3%

Open Targets aggregate 0.54 · 4 independent evidence families

Arthritis, RheumatoidModerately supported

0.63

agreement 0.52–0.73

Clinical58%Genetic24%Literature18%

Open Targets aggregate 0.42 · 3 independent evidence families

PsoriasisModerately supported

0.59

agreement 0.48–0.70

Genetic78%Clinical14%Literature8%

Open Targets aggregate 0.34 · 3 independent evidence families

COVID-19Moderately supported

0.53

agreement 0.42–0.64

Clinical61%Literature21%Genetic18%

Open Targets aggregate 0.35 · 3 independent evidence families

Carcinoma, HepatocellularLimited support

0.49

agreement 0.34–0.65

Clinical77%Literature23%

Open Targets aggregate 0.36 · 2 independent evidence families

The evidence agreement range shows how closely the independent evidence families agree — it is not a statistical confidence interval, and nothing here is fitted to outcome data. Derived from Open Targets evidence types under Forefront weighting; the per-type scores above show the calculation.

Show all associations

Asthma0.54

Arthritis, Rheumatoid0.42

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular0.36

COVID-190.35

Psoriasis0.34

Neurodegenerative Diseases0.29

Dermatitis, Atopic0.25

Myocardial Infarction0.23

Dermatitis0.21

Melanoma0.13

Drug development

6 compounds recorded · 6 in clinical development

Open Targets' development universe — every compound recorded against the target at any stage, not all approved medicines.

View all recorded compounds (6)

NAMILUMABPhase 2

GIMSILUMABPhase 2

OTILIMABPhase 3

PEXASTIMOGENE DEVACIREPVECPhase 3

PLONMARLIMABPhase 3

LENZILUMABPhase 3

Open Targets known-drugs universe. Drug name and highest clinical stage only — the disease relationship is NOT read from this slice (it carries trial-context noise); approved indications come from the canonical graph above.

Tractability

Antibodies — Strong

Advanced Clinical and UniProt loc high conf support this modality.

Other modalities — Strong

Advanced Clinical support this modality.

View underlying tractability evidence (5)

AB · Advanced ClinicalAB · UniProt loc high confAB · GO CC high confAB · UniProt SigP or TMHMMOC · Advanced Clinical

Raw Open Targets tractability assessment buckets, by modality.