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Protein / target

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1

Encoded byCSF1P09603Homo sapiensSwiss-Prot
UniProt: P09603Ensembl: ENSG00000184371HGNC: HGNC:2432NCBI Gene: 1435
Clinical-stage
Therapeutic maturity
2
Clinical candidates
Antibody-tractable
Druggability
Advanced Clinical
2
Research papers

Protein at a glance

Biological role

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding

Strongest disease association

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Via encoding gene CSF1 · Genetic evidence · score 0.59

Therapeutic position

Clinically advancing target

Antibodies

Research activity

Emerging research

2 papers · latest 2019

Derived from structured UniProt, Open Targets and literature data on this page.

Protein profile

UniProt 2026_02

Canonical identity and biological annotation from UniProt.

Function overview

Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes.

View complete UniProt function annotation

Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. Required for normal male and female fertility. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. Plays a role in lipoprotein clearance

Subcellular location

Cell membraneSecreted, extracellular space
Domains and Gene Ontology detail (37)

Gene Ontology

  • CCSF1-CSF1R complex
  • Cendoplasmic reticulum lumen
  • Cextracellular region
  • Cextracellular space
  • Cmembrane
  • Cperinuclear region of cytoplasm
  • Cplasma membrane
  • Fcytokine activity
  • Fgrowth factor activity
  • Fidentical protein binding
  • Fmacrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding
  • Fprotein homodimerization activity

554 aa · 60 kDa · 3 isoforms

Biological roles

What this protein does, drawn together from its UniProt function, Gene Ontology terms and Reactome pathways.

Cell migrationUniProt · GOReceptor tyrosine kinase signallingGOCell proliferation & survivalGOLipid & lipoprotein metabolismUniProtImmune signallingUniProt · GO
View supporting evidence

Cell migration

  • ·Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and d…
  • ·positive regulation of cell migration
  • ·positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis
  • ·positive regulation of microglial cell migration

Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling

  • ·cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

Cell proliferation & survival

  • ·positive regulation of cell population proliferation

Lipid & lipoprotein metabolism

  • ·Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and d…

Immune signalling

  • ·Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and d…
  • ·cytokine activity
  • ·inflammatory response
  • ·innate immune response

Concepts derived from UniProt GO Reactome — each badge above shows which sources supported that role.

Translational evidence

Open Targets 26

Why this target matters therapeutically, strongest evidence first. Disease associations are gene-level (via the gene that encodes this protein) and open into the full confidence synthesis; the development universe, tractability and safety annotations are target-level, from Open Targets.

Strongest disease associations · via encoding gene CSF1

Gene-level evidence surfaced through the gene CSF1that encodes this protein — not a direct protein–disease relationship. Ranked by Forefront's causal-directness weighting, so genetically- and clinically-evidenced diseases lead over ones that merely share the literature.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
0.61Moderately supported

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.37

Metabolic Syndrome
0.49Limited support

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.30

Arthritis, Rheumatoid
0.21Preliminary

Literature evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.12

Stomach Neoplasms
0.21Preliminary

Literature evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.11

Breast Neoplasms
0.19Preliminary

Literature evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.12

View evidence synthesis (5)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Moderately supported
0.61
agreement 0.47–0.75
Genetic94%Literature7%

Open Targets aggregate 0.37 · 2 independent evidence families

Metabolic SyndromeLimited support
0.49
agreement 0.36–0.63
Genetic98%Literature2%

Open Targets aggregate 0.30 · 2 independent evidence families

Arthritis, RheumatoidPreliminary
0.21
agreement 0.06–0.37
Literature55%Clinical45%

Open Targets aggregate 0.12 · 2 independent evidence families

Stomach NeoplasmsPreliminary
0.21
agreement 0.05–0.36
Literature51%Clinical49%

Open Targets aggregate 0.11 · 2 independent evidence families

Breast NeoplasmsPreliminary
0.19
agreement 0.03–0.34
Literature71%Clinical29%

Open Targets aggregate 0.12 · 2 independent evidence families

The evidence agreement range shows how closely the independent evidence families agree — it is not a statistical confidence interval, and nothing here is fitted to outcome data. Derived from Open Targets evidence types under Forefront weighting; the per-type scores above show the calculation.

Show all associations
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 20.37
Metabolic Syndrome0.30
Breast Neoplasms0.12
Arthritis, Rheumatoid0.12
Neoplasms0.12
Stomach Neoplasms0.11
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms0.11

Drug development

2 compounds recorded · 2 in clinical development

Open Targets' development universe — every compound recorded against the target at any stage, not all approved medicines.

View all recorded compounds (2)
MCS-110Phase 2
PD-360324Phase 2

Open Targets known-drugs universe. Drug name and highest clinical stage only — the disease relationship is NOT read from this slice (it carries trial-context noise); approved indications come from the canonical graph above.

Tractability

Antibodies — Strong

Advanced Clinical and UniProt loc high conf support this modality.

View underlying tractability evidence (6)
AB · Advanced ClinicalAB · UniProt loc high confAB · GO CC high confAB · UniProt loc med confAB · UniProt SigP or TMHMMAB · Human Protein Atlas loc

Raw Open Targets tractability assessment buckets, by modality.

Safety-related annotations

regulation of gene expressionToxCast

Terms indexed against this target in Open Targets' safety data, with their datasource. These are annotations, not causal claims: the direction of effect (whether activation or inhibition is implicated), species and evidence strength are not captured here, so an entry does not mean that modulating this target is known to cause that condition.

Research activity

2 papers · to 2019

Papers linked directly to this protein. This is the protein's own literature — descriptor-derived papers are kept separate below.

Most cited

Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression.1,834 cites

Martinez FO · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2006

Human Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Monocyte Transcriptional Landscapes Reveal Cancer-Specific Reprogramming, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets.782 cites

Cassetta L · Cancer cell · 2019

Recent

Human Tumor-Associated Macrophage and Monocyte Transcriptional Landscapes Reveal Cancer-Specific Reprogramming, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets.

Cassetta L · Cancer cell · 2019

Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression.

Martinez FO · Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2006

Europe PMC papers linked directly to this protein.