Protein / target
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Protein at a glance
Biological role
Neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity
Primary system
Nervous system
Strongest disease association
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Therapeutic maturity
Clinically validated target
Druggability
Small molecule
Clinical development
84 approved · 15 in clinical development
Derived from structured UniProt, Open Targets and literature data on this page.
Protein profile
Canonical identity and biological annotation from UniProt.
Function
Mediates sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline), the primary signaling neurotransmitter in the autonomic sympathetic nervous system (PubMed:2008212, PubMed:8125921, PubMed:38750358). Is responsible for norepinephrine re-uptake and clearance from the synaptic cleft, thus playing a crucial role in norepinephrine inactivation and homeostasis (By similarity). Can also mediate sodium- and chloride-dependent transport of dopamine (PubMed:11093780, PubMed:8125921, PubMed:39395208, PubMed:39048818)
Subcellular location
Domains and Gene Ontology detail (26)Hide
Gene Ontology
- Caxon
- Ccell surface
- Cmembrane
- Cneuronal cell body membrane
- Cplasma membrane
- Cpresynaptic membrane
- Csynaptic vesicle membrane
- Factin binding
- Falpha-tubulin binding
- Fbeta-tubulin binding
- Fdopamine:sodium symporter activity
- Fmetal ion binding
Biological roles
What this protein does, drawn together from its UniProt function, Gene Ontology terms and Reactome pathways.
View supporting evidenceHide supporting evidence
Synaptic signalling
- ·Synapse, synaptosome
- ·presynaptic membrane
- ·chemical synaptic transmission
- ·dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission
Ion channel gating
- ·sodium ion transmembrane transport
View underlying pathways (2)Hide underlying pathways
Concepts derived from UniProt GO Reactome — each badge above shows which sources supported that role.
Interaction neighbourhood
Proteins with the strongest functional or physical association. Node size and line weight reflect STRING confidence; hover or select a partner to inspect one association.
Functional and physical associations from STRING v12.0. Only associations with this protein are drawn — partner-to-partner links are not part of this evidence.
Drugs targeting this protein
Whether each drug engages this protein directly or through a complex, and how many other targets are recorded for it. Direct binders with few recorded targets are listed first.
Norepinephrine transporter releasing agent
Appears in clinical studies involving attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, cocaine dependence
Norepinephrine transporter inhibitor
Appears in clinical studies involving major depressive disorder, fibromyalgia, muscular disease, neuropathic pain
ChEMBL mechanism, action type and target identity. Open Targets clinical status and indications.
Translational evidence
Why this target matters therapeutically — disease associations, drugs in development, tractability and safety, from Open Targets.
Highest-confidence therapeutic associations
Diseases where a drug acting on this target has already reached clinical development.
Highest overall evidence
Remaining associations by Open Targets' aggregated evidence score.
Show all associationsHide all associations
Open Targets ranks 445 associations for this target and we store the top 10 by aggregated score. The long tail is largely literature co-mention and RNA-expression evidence, not evidence that this target drives those diseases.
Known drugs · 104 total
Pain · osteoarthritis · Low back pain
depressive disorder · major depressive disorder · neuropathic pain
Obesity · major depressive disorder · alcohol dependence
obesity disorder
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder · cocaine dependence · mood disorder
depressive disorder · major depressive disorder · Pain
major depressive disorder · fibromyalgia · ischemic stroke
fibromyalgia
major depressive disorder
Tractability
Safety liabilities
Clinical trials
Trials of drugs that target this protein — reached indirectly through those drugs, so a trial listed here studies the drug, not the protein.
Show remaining trials (24)Hide
ClinicalTrials.gov via the drug-target graph.
Forefront confidence
Our own weighting of the evidence behind each disease association. Human genetics and clinical evidence count for most; literature co-mention counts for little, because two entities sharing an abstract is not evidence that one drives the other.
The evidence agreement range shows how closely the independent evidence families agree — it is not a statistical confidence interval, and nothing here is fitted to outcome data. Derived from Open Targets evidence types under Forefront weighting; the underlying per-type scores are shown above so the calculation can be checked.
What's happening now
Recent activity around this target, drawn from one canonical event stream. Every item is reached through 2 drugs that target this protein, so each event is news about that drug rather than about the protein directly.
- Product recall
Recall (Class II): DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- Product recall
Recall (Class II): DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- Product recall
Recall (Class II): DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- New publicationAstroglial CB<sub>1</sub> Reveal Sex-Specific Synaptic Effects of Amphetamine.
- New publicationAstrocytes Mediate Psychostimulant-Induced Alterations of Spike-Timing Dependent Synaptic Plasticity.
- Product recall
Recall (Class II): DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
- New publicationPrevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline.
- New publicationComparison of Caffeine and d-amphetamine in Cocaine-Dependent Subjects: Differential Outcomes on Subjective and Cardiovascular Effects, Reward Learning, and Salivary Paraxanthine.
- New publicationAnimal models of schizophrenia.
- New publicationDuloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of patients with diabetic neuropathic pain in China.
- New publicationEfficacy and safety of duloxetine 60 mg and 120 mg daily in patients hospitalized for severe depression: a double-blind randomized trial.
- Regulatory approval
Approval: Yentreve (EMA)
Objective event titles are shown unmodified; the event kind and significance line are derived from structured fields. Forefront AttentionEvent stream aggregating Europe PMC Regulatory filings ClinicalTrials.gov.