Protein / target
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
Protein at a glance
Biological role
Very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding
Strongest disease association
Hypercholesterolemia, autosomal dominant, 3
Therapeutic position
Established drug target
Research activity
Emerging research
Derived from structured UniProt, Open Targets and literature data on this page.
Protein profile
Canonical identity and biological annotation from UniProt.
Function overview
Crucial player in the regulation of plasma cholesterol homeostasis.
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Crucial player in the regulation of plasma cholesterol homeostasis. Binds to low-density lipid receptor family members: low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), apolipoprotein E receptor (LRP1/APOER) and apolipoprotein receptor 2 (LRP8/APOER2), and promotes their degradation in intracellular acidic compartments (PubMed:18039658). Acts via a non-proteolytic mechanism to enhance the degradation of the hepatic LDLR through a clathrin LDLRAP1/ARH-mediated pathway. May prevent the recycling of LDLR from endosomes to the cell surface or direct it to lysosomes for degradation. Can induce ubiquitination of LDLR leading to its subsequent degradation (PubMed:17461796, PubMed:18197702, PubMed:18799458, PubMed:22074827). Inhibits intracellular degradation of APOB via the autophagosome/lysosome pathway in a LDLR-independent manner. Involved in the disposal of non-acetylated intermediates of BACE1 in the early secretory pathway (PubMed:18660751). Inhibits epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC)-mediated Na(+) absorption by reducing ENaC surface expression primarily by increasing its proteasomal degradation. Regulates neuronal apoptosis via modulation of LRP8/APOER2 levels and related anti-apoptotic signaling pathways
Subcellular location
Domains and Gene Ontology detail (53)Hide
Domains & features
Gene Ontology
- Ccell surface
- CCOPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle
- Ccytoplasm
- Cearly endosome
- Cendolysosome membrane
- Cendoplasmic reticulum
- Cendoplasmic reticulum lumen
- Cextracellular region
- Cextracellular space
- Cextrinsic component of external side of plasma membrane
- CGolgi apparatus
- Clate endosome
Biological roles
What this protein does, drawn together from its UniProt function, Gene Ontology terms and Reactome pathways.
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Lipid & lipoprotein metabolism
- ·Crucial player in the regulation of plasma cholesterol homeostasis. Binds to low-density…
- ·apolipoprotein binding
- ·apolipoprotein receptor binding
- ·low-density lipoprotein particle binding
Apoptosis & cell death
- ·apoptotic process
- ·positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
- ·regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Proteolysis
- ·endopeptidase activity
- ·serine-type endopeptidase activity
View underlying pathways (4)Hide underlying pathways
Concepts derived from UniProt GO Reactome — each badge above shows which sources supported that role.
Interaction neighbourhood
Proteins with the strongest functional or physical association. Node size and line weight reflect STRING confidence; hover or select a partner to inspect one association.
Functional and physical associations from STRING v12.0. Only associations with this protein are drawn — partner-to-partner links are not part of this evidence.
Approved medicines with mapped indications
Approved therapies targeting this protein, grouped by what they are approved to treat — the disease-first view of the medicines below. Relationships come from the canonical approved-indication graph (ChEMBL phase-4), the same source as the drug cards.
Broader indication categories (1)Hide
Broad umbrella indications (e.g. “Neoplasms”). Shown here because every medicine also appears under a more specific disease above — kept for completeness, de-emphasised for clarity.
4 medicines meet Open Targets' target-level approved-medicine definition; the 2 shown here are those on this page with a canonical approved disease indication in the graph. Approved indications from ChEMBL (phase-4), via the canonical drug→disease graph.
Drugs targeting this protein
How approved and investigational drugs engage this protein — mechanism and action type, direct vs complex targeting, and how broadly each acts across other targets. A drug-first view (the section above groups the approved ones disease-first); direct binders with few recorded targets are listed first.
Subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor
Indicated for Coronary Artery Disease, Dyslipidemias, Hypercholesterolemia, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
Subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor
Indicated for Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Dyslipidemias, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
ChEMBL mechanism, action type, target identity and approved indications. Open Targets clinical status.
Translational evidence
Why this target matters therapeutically, strongest evidence first. Disease associations are gene-level (via the gene that encodes this protein) and open into the full confidence synthesis; the development universe, tractability and safety annotations are target-level, from Open Targets.
Strongest disease associations · via encoding gene PCSK9
Gene-level evidence surfaced through the gene PCSK9that encodes this protein — not a direct protein–disease relationship. Ranked by Forefront's causal-directness weighting, so genetically- and clinically-evidenced diseases lead over ones that merely share the literature.
View evidence synthesis (5)Hide
This ranking differs from Open Targets' own: re-weighting moves genetically-evidenced diseases above more heavily co-mentioned ones. The evidence agreement range shows how closely the independent evidence families agree — it is not a statistical confidence interval, and nothing here is fitted to outcome data. Derived from Open Targets evidence types under Forefront weighting; the per-type scores above show the calculation.
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Drug development
10 compounds recorded · 4 approved · 6 in clinical development
View all recorded compounds (10)Hide
Open Targets known-drugs universe. Drug name and highest clinical stage only — the disease relationship is NOT read from this slice (it carries trial-context noise); approved indications come from the canonical graph above.
Tractability
Small molecules — Emerging
Antibodies — Strong
Protein degraders — Emerging
Other modalities — Strong
View underlying tractability evidence (10)Hide
Raw Open Targets tractability assessment buckets, by modality.
Clinical trials
Trials of drugs that target this protein — reached indirectly through those drugs, so a trial listed here studies the drug, not the protein. Ranked by active status, then clinical phase and recency, and spread across the targeting drugs.
View all trials (26)Hide
ClinicalTrials.gov via the drug-target graph.
What's happening now
Recent therapeutic activity around this target — regulatory actions, clinical trials and safety signals for 2 drugs that target this protein, plus publications where such a drug is a genuine subject. Every item is reached indirectly through the drug, not the protein itself; incidental mentions (a paper that merely measures a drug) and press items are excluded.
- Label change
Label change: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- Label change
Label change: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- Label change
Label change: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- Label change
Label change: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- New publicationLong-Term Evolocumab in Patients With Established Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.
- Label change
Label change: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- Indication expanded
Indication expansion: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- Regulatory approval
Approval: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- New publicationAlirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome.
- Regulatory approval
Approval: EVOLOCUMAB (BLA125522)
- New publicationEfficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events.
- New publicationEfficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events.
Objective event titles are shown unmodified; the event kind and significance line are derived from structured fields. Forefront AttentionEvent stream aggregating Europe PMC Regulatory filings ClinicalTrials.gov.
Research activity
Papers linked directly to this protein. This is the protein's own literature — descriptor-derived papers are kept separate below.
Most cited
Recent
Europe PMC papers linked directly to this protein.