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Protein / target

P2Y purinoceptor 12

Encoded byP2RY12Q9H244Homo sapiensSwiss-Prot
Clinically validated
Therapeutic maturity
12
Approved medicines
Open Targets target-level
View by indication →
30
Clinical trials
Small-molecule tractable
Druggability
Approved Drug

Protein at a glance

Biological role

G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor

Strongest disease association

Platelet-type bleeding disorder 8

Via encoding gene P2RY12 · Genetic evidence · score 0.85

Therapeutic position

Established drug target

Small molecules

Derived from structured UniProt, Open Targets and literature data on this page.

Protein profile

UniProt 2026_02

Canonical identity and biological annotation from UniProt.

Function overview

Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G proteins that inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second messenger system.

View complete UniProt function annotation

Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G proteins that inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. Not activated by UDP and UTP. Required for normal platelet aggregation and blood coagulation

Subcellular location

Cell membrane
Domains and Gene Ontology detail (31)

Gene Ontology

  • Ccell body membrane
  • Ccell projection membrane
  • Ccell surface
  • Cmembrane
  • Cplasma membrane
  • FG protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
  • FG protein-coupled ADP receptor activity
  • FG protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
  • Fguanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
  • Padenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
  • Pcalcium-mediated signaling
  • Pcell projection organization

342 aa · 39 kDa

Biological roles

Reactome v97

What this protein does, drawn together from its UniProt function, Gene Ontology terms and Reactome pathways.

Cell migrationGOHaemostasisUniProt · GOG protein-coupled signallingGO
View supporting evidence

Cell migration

  • ·positive regulation of chemotaxis
  • ·positive regulation of microglial cell migration
  • ·regulation of chemotaxis
  • ·regulation of microglial cell migration

Haemostasis

  • ·Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G proteins that inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second…
  • ·hemostasis
  • ·platelet activation
  • ·platelet aggregation

G protein-coupled signalling

  • ·G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity
  • ·G protein-coupled ADP receptor activity
  • ·G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity
  • ·adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
View underlying pathways (3)

Concepts derived from UniProt GO Reactome — each badge above shows which sources supported that role.

Interaction neighbourhood

STRING v12.0

Proteins with the strongest functional or physical association. Node size and line weight reflect STRING confidence; hover or select a partner to inspect one association.

P2RX1P2RY1GNAI2GNAI1CYP2C19GNAI3P2RY13TREM2TMEM119GP6P2RY12

10 strongest partners — larger node and heavier line mean higher confidence

Functional and physical associations from STRING v12.0. Only associations with this protein are drawn — partner-to-partner links are not part of this evidence.

Approved medicines with mapped indications

3 medicines · 8 areas

Approved therapies targeting this protein, grouped by what they are approved to treat — the disease-first view of the medicines below. Relationships come from the canonical approved-indication graph (ChEMBL phase-4), the same source as the drug cards.

Myocardial Infarction3 medicines
Acute Coronary Syndrome2 medicines
Thrombosis2 medicines
Angina, Unstable1 medicine
Coronary Artery Disease1 medicine
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 21 medicine
Hemorrhage1 medicine
Stroke1 medicine

12 medicines meet Open Targets' target-level approved-medicine definition; the 3 shown here are those on this page with a canonical approved disease indication in the graph. Approved indications from ChEMBL (phase-4), via the canonical drug→disease graph.

Drugs targeting this protein

3

How approved and investigational drugs engage this protein — mechanism and action type, direct vs complex targeting, and how broadly each acts across other targets. A drug-first view (the section above groups the approved ones disease-first); direct binders with few recorded targets are listed first.

Ticagrelor
Narrow target profileApprovedNegative allosteric modulator

Purinergic receptor P2Y12 negative allosteric modulator

Indicated for Acute Coronary Syndrome, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Myocardial Infarction

Direct interaction with this protein · Only this protein recorded as a target

Prasugrel Hydrochloride
Narrow target profileApprovedAntagonist

Purinergic receptor P2Y12 antagonist

Indicated for Acute Coronary Syndrome, Angina, Unstable, Hemorrhage, Myocardial Infarction

Direct interaction with this protein · Only this protein recorded as a target

cangrelor
Narrow target profileApprovedInhibitor

Purinergic receptor P2Y12 inhibitor

Indicated for Myocardial Infarction, Thrombosis

Direct interaction with this protein · Only this protein recorded as a target

ChEMBL mechanism, action type, target identity and approved indications. Open Targets clinical status.

Translational evidence

Open Targets 26

Why this target matters therapeutically, strongest evidence first. Disease associations are gene-level (via the gene that encodes this protein) and open into the full confidence synthesis; the development universe, tractability and safety annotations are target-level, from Open Targets.

Strongest disease associations · via encoding gene P2RY12

Gene-level evidence surfaced through the gene P2RY12 that encodes this protein — not a direct protein–disease relationship. Ranked by Forefront's causal-directness weighting, so genetically- and clinically-evidenced diseases lead over ones that merely share the literature.

Platelet-type bleeding disorder 8
0.85Well supported

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.71

P2Y12 defect
0.78Well supported

Genetic evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.67

Myocardial Infarction
0.77Well supported

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.62

Acute Coronary Syndrome
0.76Well supported

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.61

Coronary Artery Disease
0.74Moderately supported

Clinical evidence dominant · Open Targets 0.60

View evidence synthesis (5)
Platelet-type bleeding disorder 8Well supported
0.85
agreement 0.730.97
Genetic100%Genetic literaturedup

Open Targets aggregate 0.71 · 1 independent evidence family · 1 not counted as duplicate

P2Y12 defectWell supported
0.78
agreement 0.660.90
Genetic100%Genetic literaturedup

Open Targets aggregate 0.67 · 1 independent evidence family · 1 not counted as duplicate

Myocardial InfarctionWell supported
0.77
agreement 0.610.92
Clinical91%Literature9%

Open Targets aggregate 0.62 · 2 independent evidence families

Acute Coronary SyndromeWell supported
0.76
agreement 0.600.91
Clinical96%Literature4%

Open Targets aggregate 0.61 · 2 independent evidence families

Coronary Artery DiseaseModerately supported
0.74
agreement 0.590.90
Clinical93%Literature7%

Open Targets aggregate 0.60 · 2 independent evidence families

The evidence agreement range shows how closely the independent evidence families agree — it is not a statistical confidence interval, and nothing here is fitted to outcome data. Derived from Open Targets evidence types under Forefront weighting; the per-type scores above show the calculation.

Show all associations
Platelet-type bleeding disorder 80.71
P2Y12 defect0.67
Myocardial Infarction0.62
Acute Coronary Syndrome0.61
Coronary Artery Disease0.60
Helicobacter Infections0.60
Stroke0.59
Peripheral Arterial Disease0.56
Angina unstable0.56

Drug development

15 compounds recorded · 12 approved · 3 in clinical development

Open Targets' development universe — every compound recorded against the target at any stage, not all approved medicines. Distinct from the 3 drugs that target this protein in Forefront's canonical graph (3 with a mapped approved indication, shown above): these count different sets and are not a subset relation.

View all recorded compounds (10)
TICAGRELORApproval
ELINOGRELPhase 2
CANGRELOR TETRASODIUMApproval
PRASUGREL HYDROCHLORIDEApproval
CLOPIDOGREL HYDROBROMIDEApproval
CANGRELORApproval
TICLOPIDINE HYDROCHLORIDEApproval
SELATOGRELPhase 3
TICLOPIDINEApproval
PRASUGRELApproval

Open Targets known-drugs universe. Drug name and highest clinical stage only — the disease relationship is NOT read from this slice (it carries trial-context noise); approved indications come from the canonical graph above.

Tractability

Small moleculesStrong

Approved Drug and Structure with Ligand support this modality.

AntibodiesEmerging

Feasibility evidence (uniprot loc high conf and go cc high conf) — no clinical-stage drug of this modality recorded.

Protein degradersEmerging

Feasibility evidence (small molecule binder) — no clinical-stage drug of this modality recorded.

View underlying tractability evidence (8)
SM · Approved DrugSM · Structure with LigandSM · High-Quality LigandSM · Druggable FamilyAB · UniProt loc high confAB · GO CC high confAB · UniProt SigP or TMHMMPR · Small Molecule Binder

Raw Open Targets tractability assessment buckets, by modality.

Safety-related annotations

neurological eventsClinPGx

Terms indexed against this target in Open Targets' safety data, with their datasource. These are annotations, not causal claims: the direction of effect (whether activation or inhibition is implicated), species and evidence strength are not captured here, so an entry does not mean that modulating this target is known to cause that condition.

Clinical trials

30

Trials of drugs that target this protein — reached indirectly through those drugs, so a trial listed here studies the drug, not the protein. Ranked by active status, then clinical phase and recency, and spread across the targeting drugs.

View all trials (26)

RECRUITING · via Ticagrelor · NCT06202755

ClinicalTrials.gov via the drug-target graph.

What's happening now

10

Recent therapeutic activity around this target — regulatory actions, clinical trials and safety signals for 3 drugs that target this protein, plus publications where such a drug is a genuine subject. Every item is reached indirectly through the drug, not the protein itself; incidental mentions (a paper that merely measures a drug) and press items are excluded.

  1. Regulatory approval2026-08-20

    Approval: TICAGRELOR (ANDA218869)

    fda · regulatory · fda · via Ticagrelor

  2. Regulatory approval2026-06-04

    Approval: CANGRELOR (ANDA213703)

    fda · regulatory · fda · via cangrelor

  3. New publication2020-06-01
    Effect of Ticagrelor Monotherapy vs Ticagrelor With Aspirin on Major Bleeding and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: The TICO Randomized Clinical Trial.

    JAMA · 2020 · 407 citations · Europe PMC · via Ticagrelor

  4. New publication2019-09-03
    A Genotype-Guided Strategy for Oral P2Y<sub>12</sub> Inhibitors in Primary PCI.

    The New England journal of medicine · 2019 · 462 citations · Europe PMC · via Prasugrel Hydrochloride

  5. New publication2019-09-01
    Ticagrelor or Prasugrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes.

    The New England journal of medicine · 2019 · 482 citations · Europe PMC · via Ticagrelor

  6. New publication2019-06-01
    Effect of 1-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Followed by Clopidogrel vs 12-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular and Bleeding Events in Patients Receiving PCI: The STOPDAPT-2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

    JAMA · 2019 · 608 citations · Europe PMC · via Prasugrel Hydrochloride

  7. Regulatory approval2015-03-23

    Approval: Kengrexal (EMA)

    ema · regulatory · ema · via cangrelor

  8. New publication2014-09-01
    Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

    The New England journal of medicine · 2014 · 438 citations · Europe PMC · via Ticagrelor

  9. New publication2012-01-01
    Bridging antiplatelet therapy with cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

    JAMA · 2012 · 312 citations · Europe PMC · via cangrelor

  10. Regulatory approval2010-12-03

    Approval: Brilique (EMA)

    ema · regulatory · ema · via Ticagrelor

Objective event titles are shown unmodified; the event kind and significance line are derived from structured fields. Forefront AttentionEvent stream aggregating Europe PMC Regulatory filings ClinicalTrials.gov.