Brain Ischemia

It is caused by arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. The literature grounding also describes ischemic stroke as resulting from occlusion of major cerebral arteries, small-vessel occlusion, atherosclerosis affecting the cerebral circulation, or embolism with a cardiac origin.

Reduced cerebral blood flow triggers ischemic injury that can lead to neuronal death, cerebral tissue death, and brain infarction. The grounding also supports roles for excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, with later phases contributing to tissue repair and functional recovery.

The supplied grounding supports systemic blood pressure as a factor influencing infarct size and neurological severity. It also supports vascular causes of ischemic stroke such as atherosclerosis, small-vessel disease, and cardiac embolism as contributors to risk, but does not provide a broader risk-factor list.

The grounding supports recanalization-based treatment, including intravenous alteplase and thrombectomy. It also indicates that therapeutic approaches have focused on targeting neuroinflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury, but does not support more specific standard treatment categories beyond these modalities.