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Disease
Stroke
Late-stage therapeutic developmentExtensively researchedSteady momentum
110
Publications
24
Clinical trials
12
Related conditions
3
Related treatments
12
Associated genes
12
Related proteins
2025
Latest publication
Current focus
Beta-2 adrenergic biologyCgmp-inhibited 3' biologyTherapeutic developmentInflammation & immunityDisease mechanisms & pathology
Latest activity
betaRecent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this disease.
Clinical trial2026-09-21Status changed to Active, not recruiting · ClinicalTrials.gov
Assessment of the WATCHMAN™ Device in Patients Unsuitable for Oral Anticoagulation (ASAP-TOO)
Clinical trial2026-08-25Results posted · ClinicalTrials.gov
Temporary Inactivation of Strong Muscle Sensation to Improve Rehabilitation Interventions in SCI
Clinical trial2026-07-31Status changed to Completed · ClinicalTrials.gov
CHMP positive opinion: Colchicine Agepha Pharma (EMA)
Regulatory2026-05-22EMA
Research2025-07-01JAMA network open
Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases.
Research2025-06-19Science (New York, N.Y.)
Research2025-03-01Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology
Research2024-12-12Translational neurodegeneration
Research2024-11-26Biomolecules
Research2024-10-30Nutrients
Research2024-07-08Nature communications
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events.
Research2024-03-01The New England journal of medicine
What's happening now
An analyst briefing on current research, clinical, regulatory and industry activity surrounding this disease.
Executive briefingUpdating summary…Momentum: Moderate
Key developments
- 3 clinical trials expected to report results, the earliest in Q4 2027.
- 12 industry developments reported.
Upcoming Milestones
- Q4 2027Development and Validation of an Adaptive Neurofeedback Interface Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Modulate Cortical Excitability
- Q3 2028An Open-label Extension Study Evaluating the Safety of Zagociguat in Participants With MELAS Who Completed TIS6463-203
- Q2 2029Comparison of Clopidogrel-based Antiplatelet Therapy Versus Warfarin as Secondary Prevention Strategy for AntiPhospholipid Syndrome-related STROKE (APS-STROKE)
Major developments
Upcoming trial readoutHigh impact
Results expected Q2 20292026-09-11
Major clinical milestoneImportant
Primary completion2026-09-18
CHMP positive opinion (EU decision pending)Important
Indicated to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease or with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease.2026-05-22
Clinical MilestonesView all 9Hide
Results expected
- 2026-09-21Development and Validation of an Adaptive Neurofeedback Interface Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Modulate Cortical ExcitabilityResults expected Q4 2027
- 2026-09-11Comparison of Clopidogrel-based Antiplatelet Therapy Versus Warfarin as Secondary Prevention Strategy for AntiPhospholipid Syndrome-related STROKE (APS-STROKE)Results expected Q2 2029
- 2026-07-07An Open-label Extension Study Evaluating the Safety of Zagociguat in Participants With MELAS Who Completed TIS6463-203Results expected Q3 2028
Recently completed
- 2026-09-30A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Clinical Study of the P38 Alpha Kinase Inhibitor Neflamapimod on Recovery After Moderate to Severe Acute Ischaemic StrokePrimary completion
- 2026-09-18Efficacy and Safety of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor Combined With Endovascular Treatment in Patients With Acute Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial-2 (IRIS-2)Primary completion
Other updates
- 2027-12-31High Dose Steroids in Children With Stroke and Unilateral Focal Arteriopathy: Paediatric Arteriopathy Steroid Aspirin (PASTA) Project. A Multicentre Randomized Trial.Withdrawn
- 2026-10-01A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of 3K3A-APC in Combination with Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Mechanical Thrombectomy, or Both in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Acute Ischemic StrokeWithdrawn
- 2026-03-01Efficacy of Minocycline in Improving Neurological Outcomes of Patients Who Undergo Endovascular Revascularization for Acute Ischemic StrokeWithdrawn
- 2025-12-25A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial to Examine the Safety and Suitability of Supplementing Early Minimally Invasive Parafascicular Surgery (MIPS) for Clot Evacuation of Basal Ganglia Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) With PioglitazoneTerminated
+1 more in the activity timeline below
Industry & MarketView all 12Hide
- 2026-11-02Senator Hospitalized After Stroke; Nationwide Supplement Recall; 5,000 Ebola DeathsRegulatory news · MedPage Today — Neurology
- 2026-10-26Bayer gets first approval for stroke drug asundexianRegulatory news · pharmaphorum
- 2026-10-15The association between short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks (TIA): a national study in IsraelResearch news · Nature — Environmental Sciences
- 2026-11-04Early Rhythm Control May Cut Recurrent Stroke Risk in AFIndustry · Medscape Medical News
- 2026-11-04Astrocytes drive stroke-induced glioma progressionIndustry · Nature Reviews Cancer
+7 more in the activity timeline below
Regulatory UpdatesViewHide
- 2026-05-22CHMP positive opinion — ColchicineIndicated to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease or with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
- 2026-05-04Product authorisation ended — TelmisartanHypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with: manifest atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) or; type-2 diabetes mellitus with documented target-organ damage.
- 2026-04-30Product authorisation ended — TelmisartanHypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with: manifest atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) or; type-2 diabetes mellitus with documented target-organ damage.
Activity timeline24
- 2027-12-31ClinicalHigh Dose Steroids in Children With Stroke and Unilateral Focal Arteriopathy: Paediatric Arteriopathy Steroid Aspirin (PASTA) Project. A Multicentre Randomized Trial.Withdrawn
- 2026-11-04IndustryEarly Rhythm Control May Cut Recurrent Stroke Risk in AFIndustry · Medscape Medical News
- 2026-11-04IndustryAstrocytes drive stroke-induced glioma progressionIndustry · Nature Reviews Cancer
- 2026-11-02IndustrySenator Hospitalized After Stroke; Nationwide Supplement Recall; 5,000 Ebola DeathsRegulatory news · MedPage Today — Neurology
- 2026-10-29IndustryOAC After Brain Bleed in AF Tied to Lower Stroke RiskIndustry · Medscape Medical News
- 2026-10-28IndustrySerotonin signaling enhances phagocytosis by brain macrophages through Htr2b and alleviates brain injury after strokeIndustry · Nature Neuroscience
- 2026-10-26IndustryBayer gets first approval for stroke drug asundexianRegulatory news · pharmaphorum
- 2026-10-23IndustryStenting After Failed EVT Tied to Better Stroke OutcomesIndustry · Medscape Medical News
- 2026-10-20IndustryIs it ‘moon-stroke’, or a chill?Industry · Nature News
- 2026-10-15IndustryWearable Surpasses Clinic Tests in Tracking Stroke RecoveryIndustry · Medscape Medical News
Therapeutic landscape
Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.
Approved & established therapies
Telmisartanapproved
Product authorisation ended — Hypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Red… (2026)
Rivaroxabanapproved
Generic approval — Rivaroxaban Mylan co-administered with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone or with ASA plus… (2021)
Apixabanapproved
Generic approval — Adults Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvula… (2020)
Edoxabanapproved
Original application approval — Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with nonvalvular atrial fibr… (2017)
Clopidogrelapproved
Generic approval — Secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events Clopidogrel is indicated in: Adult patie… (2015)
Evolocumabapproved
Original application approval — Hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia Repatha is indicated in adults with primary… (2015)
Research-associated treatments
Clinical trials
The current development programme across all trial phases.
Clinical programme
24
6
13
6
Late-stage studies
Recently completed
Regulatory timeline
Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.
Product approvals and authorisations
2021emaGeneric approval — Rivaroxaban· Rivaroxaban Mylan co-administered with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone or with ASA plus clopidogrel or ticlopidine, is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with elevated cardiac biomarkers. Rivaroxaban Mylan co-administered with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) at high risk of ischaemic events. ------ Prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adult patients undergoing elective hip or knee replacement surgery. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. ------- Adults Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation with one or more risk factors, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ? 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of VTE recurrence in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years and weighing from 30 kg to 50 kg after at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulation treatment. Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of VTE recurrence in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years and weighing more than 50 kg after at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulation treatment. source ↗
2020emaGeneric approval — Rivaroxaban· Prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in adult patients undergoing elective hip or knee replacement surgery. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. (See section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. (See section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients). Adults Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation with one or more risk factors, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ? 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. (See section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients.) Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of VTE recurrence in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years and weighing from 30 kg to 50 kg after at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulation treatment. Rivaroxaban Accord, co administered with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) alone or with ASA plus ticlopidine, is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with elevated cardiac biomarkers (see sections 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1). Rivaroxaban Accord, co administered with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) at high risk of ischaemic events. Adults Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation with one or more risk factors, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ? 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. (See section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients.) Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of VTE recurrence in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years and weighing more than 50 kg after at least 5 days of initial parenteral anticoagulation treatment. source ↗
2020emaGeneric approval — Apixaban· Adults Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with one or more risk factors, such as prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA); age≥ 75 years; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; symptomatic heart failure (NYHA Class ≥ II). Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults (see section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients). Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrent VTE in paediatric patients from 28 days to less than 18 years of age. Adults Prevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in adult patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery. Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with one or more risk factors, such as prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA); age ≥ 75 years; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; symptomatic heart failure (NYHA Class ≥ II). Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults (see section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients). Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrent VTE in paediatric patients from 28 days to less than 18 years of age. source ↗
2017emaOriginal application approval — Edoxaban· Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) with one or more risk factors, such as congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ? 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults. source ↗
2015emaOriginal application approval — Evolocumab· Hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia Repatha is indicated in adults with primary hypercholesterolaemia (heterozygous familial and non-familial) or mixed dyslipidaemia, as an adjunct to diet: in combination with a statin or statin with other lipid lowering therapies in patients unable to reach LDL-C goals with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin or, alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies in patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia Repatha is indicated in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies. Established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Repatha is indicated in adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease) to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL-C levels, as an adjunct to correction of other risk factors: in combination with the maximum tolerated dose of a statin with or without other lipid-lowering therapies or, alone or in combination with other lipid-lowering therapies in patients who are statin-intolerant, or for whom a statin is contraindicated. For study results with respect to effects on LDL-C, cardiovascular events and populations studied see section 5.1. source ↗
2015emaGeneric approval — Clopidogrel· Secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events Clopidogrel is indicated in: Adult patients suffering from myocardial infarction (from a few days until less than 35 days), ischaemic stroke (from 7 days until less than 6 months) or established peripheral arterial disease. Adult patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome: Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction), including patients undergoing a stent placement following percutaneous coronary intervention, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, in combination with ASA in medically treated patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy. Prevention of atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events in atrial fibrillationIn adult patients with atrial fibrillation who have at least one risk factor for vascular events, are not suitable for treatment with Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and who have a low bleeding risk, clopidogrel is indicated in combination with ASA for the prevention of atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events, including stroke. source ↗
2011emaOriginal application approval — Apixaban· Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrent VTE in paediatric patients from 28 days to less than 18 years of age. AdultsPrevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in adult patients who have undergone elective hip or knee replacement surgery. Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with one or more risk factors, such as prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA); age ≥ 75 years; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; symptomatic heart failure (NYHA Class ≥ II).Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults (see section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients).Paediatric population Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrent VTE in paediatric patients from 28 days to less than 18 years of age. AdultsPrevention of stroke and systemic embolism in adult patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with one or more risk factors, such as prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA); age≥ 75 years; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; symptomatic heart failure (NYHA Class ≥ II).Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and prevention of recurrent DVT and PE in adults (see section 4.4 for haemodynamically unstable PE patients).Paediatric populationTreatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of recurrent VTE in paediatric patients from 28 days to less than 18 years of age. source ↗
2010emaGeneric approval — Telmisartan· Hypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with: manifest atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) or; type 2 diabetes mellitus with documented target organ damage. source ↗
Other regulatory activity
2026emaCHMP positive opinion — Colchicine· Indicated to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease or with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. source ↗
2026emaProduct authorisation ended — Telmisartan· Hypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with: manifest atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) or; type-2 diabetes mellitus with documented target-organ damage. source ↗
2026emaProduct authorisation ended — Telmisartan· Hypertension Treatment of essential hypertension in adults. Cardiovascular prevention Reduction of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with: manifest atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (history of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease) or; type-2 diabetes mellitus with documented target-organ damage. source ↗
European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.
Research activity
Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.
Publications over time
Most influential
Recent publications
Major themes8
- Stroke54
- Cardiovascular Diseases11
- Atrial Fibrillation9
- Ischemic Stroke8
- Brain Ischemia7
- Myocardial Infarction6
- Alzheimer Disease4
- Cognitive Dysfunction4
Leading journals6
- The New England journal of medicine17
- Stroke7
- Circulation6
- BMJ (Clinical research ed.)4
- Brain : a journal of neurology4
- European heart journal4
Leading researchers8
- Lip GYH6
- Camm AJ5
- Chen Y4
- Guo Y4
- Zhang Y4
- Dan GA3
- Diener HC3
- Haeusler KG3
Affiliations (unnormalised)6
- School of Medicine7
- Department of Clinical Medicine4
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences3
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science3
- Population Health Research Institute3
- University Hospital Münster3
Associated genes
Genes associated with this disease in the canonical knowledge graph (Open Targets evidence). Number shows the association score.
Disease biology
Proteins whose encoding gene is associated with this disease, reached through the canonical gene→disease graph. Number shows the gene's association score.
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductasevia HMGCR0.68cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 3Avia PDE3A0.63Beta-2 adrenergic receptorvia ADRB20.60P2Y purinoceptor 12via P2RY120.593',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4Bvia PDE4B0.59Coagulation factor Xvia F100.583',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4Avia PDE4A0.53cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterasevia PDE5A0.53Tissue-type plasminogen activatorvia PLAT0.51Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1via VKORC10.50Reninvia REN0.47Potassium channel subfamily K member 3via KCNK30.42
Related conditions
Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.
Disease profile
A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.
Overview
Stroke is a group of conditions marked by a sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function caused by brain ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage. It is classified by features such as the type of tissue necrosis, anatomic location, vascular territory involved, etiology, age of the affected person, and whether it is hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic.
Causes
Stroke arises from brain ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage. The supplied grounding also supports ischemic stroke as a major subtype and includes chemically induced stroke as a literature aspect, but it does not provide more specific causal detail.
Pathophysiology
The core pathophysiology is acute loss of neurological function due to interrupted cerebral blood flow or bleeding within the skull, leading to tissue necrosis. The literature grounding also points to mechanisms relevant to stroke injury and recovery, including microcirculation, apoptosis, cell death, neuronal plasticity, recovery of function, and motor skills.
Risk factors
Blood pressure is supported as a risk-related factor, with blood pressure lowering drugs studied for stroke prevention. White matter hyperintensities are associated with increased risk of incident stroke, and atrial fibrillation is a context in which anticoagulation is used to prevent stroke.
Current standard of care
For acute ischemic stroke, standard care includes early evaluation and treatment in the first 48 hours, with emergency management, stroke unit care, diagnostics, acute management, complication management, and rehabilitation. Prevention and control strategies include blood pressure lowering therapy for stroke prevention and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation.
AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.
Reference
Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.
Defined in MeSH
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Identifiers
References & data sources
- Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
- Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
- Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
- Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.