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Disease

Inflammation

Late-stage therapeutic developmentExtensively researchedCooling momentum
MeSHInflammation
565
Publications
24
Clinical trials
12
Related conditions
10
Related treatments
10
Related proteins
2026
Latest publication
Current focus
C-reactive biologyP05231 biologyTherapeutic developmentInflammation & immunityMetabolic & lifestyle factorsDisease mechanisms & pathology
Latest activity
beta

Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this disease.

Investigation of the Distinct Mechanisms Involved in Inflammatory Resolution Between Healthy Men and Women: RESOLVE-SEX

Clinical trial2026-07-16Status changed to Active, not recruiting · ClinicalTrials.gov

Metabolic crossroads in insulin resistance: exploring lipid dysregulation and inflammation.

Research2025-11-25Frontiers in immunology

Immunology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Research2025-11-24Expert review of clinical immunology

Anti-inflammatory properties of GLP-1 receptor agonists and other ancillary benefits from a pharmacological perspective.

Research2025-11-18Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology

Antiinflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies beyond metabolic benefits.

Research2025-11-03The Journal of clinical investigation

Inflammaging and Senescence-Driven Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Age-Associated Cardiovascular Disease.

Research2025-10-14Biomolecules

Trained immunity: induction of an inflammatory memory in disease.

Research2025-10-14Cell research

Adenosine Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration.

Research2025-10-11Cells

Long-Term Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Research2025-09-30Drugs

Inhaled pollutants and neurological health via the lung-brain axis.

Research2025-09-22Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

Microglia-to-neuron signaling links <i>APOE4</i> and inflammation to enhanced neuronal lipid metabolism and network activity.

Research2025-09-08Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Modulation of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways by semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

Research2025-07-21Nature medicine

What's happening now

An analyst briefing on current research, clinical, regulatory and industry activity surrounding this disease.

Executive briefingUpdating summary…Momentum: Very High
Key developments
  • 3 regulatory approvals from EMA on record.
  • 5 clinical trials expected to report results, the earliest in Q1 2027.
  • Active recent publication activity, including 1 notable finding.
  • 7 industry developments reported.
Upcoming Milestones
Major developments
Upcoming trial readoutHigh impact
An Open-label, Multi-center Protocol for Patients Who Have Completed a Previous Novartis Sponsored Secukinumab Study and Are Judged by the Investigator to Benefit From Continued Secukinumab Treatment
Results expected Q1 20302026-07-08
Upcoming trial readoutHigh impact
Biologics and Blistering - Using a Contact Dermatitis Model With Biologic Medications to Study Skin Inflammation Through Suction Blistering
Results expected Q1 20272026-06-09
Important regulatory approvalHigh impact
Approval — Depemokimab
Asthma  Exdensur is indicated as add-on maintenance treatment for severe asthma with type 2 inflammation characterised by blood eosinophil count in adults and adolescents 12 years and older who are inadequately controlled despite high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus another asthma controller (see section 5.1). Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)  Exdensur is indicated as an add-on therapy with intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of adult patients with severe CRSwNP for whom therapy with systemic corticosteroids and/or surgery do not provide adequate disease control.2026-02-12
Research Highlights13View all 13
+7 more in the activity timeline below
Clinical Milestones8View
Results expected 5
Recently completed 3
Industry & Market7View all 7
+2 more in the activity timeline below
Regulatory Updates3View
  • 2026-02-12Approval — DepemokimabAsthma  Exdensur is indicated as add-on maintenance treatment for severe asthma with type 2 inflammation characterised by blood eosinophil count in adults and adolescents 12 years and older who are inadequately controlled despite high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus another asthma controller (see section 5.1). Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)  Exdensur is indicated as an add-on therapy with intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of adult patients with severe CRSwNP for whom therapy with systemic corticosteroids and/or surgery do not provide adequate disease control.
  • 2026-02-10Approval — GolimumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate.- the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX.Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)Gotenfia, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritisAnkylosing spondylitis (AS)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy.Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Ulcerative colitis (UC)Gotenfia is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis (pUC)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients 2 years of age and older with a body weight of at least 15 kg, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy, including corticosteroids and 6‑mercaptopurine (6‑MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Juvenile idiopathic arthritisPolyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA)Gotenfia in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.
  • 2025-11-17Approval — GolimumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Gobivaz, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX. Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Gobivaz in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Gobivaz, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ulcerative colitis (UC) Gobivaz is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies.
Activity timeline31

Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies
Depemokimabapproved

Approval — Asthma  Exdensur is indicated as add-on maintenance treatment for severe asthma with… (2026)

Golimumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated f… (2026)

Adalimumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: -… (2021)

Bimekizumabapproved

Approval — Plaque psoriasis Bimzelx is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psor… (2021)

Upadacitinibapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active… (2019)

Clinical trials

17 sponsors · 0 new · 3 completed in the last 12 months (net +0)

The current development programme across all trial phases.

Clinical programme
24
All trials
6
Active
18
Late-stage
6
Completed
Late-stage studies

An Open-label, Multi-center Protocol for Patients Who Have Completed a Previous Novartis Sponsored Secukinumab Study and Are Judged by the Investigator to Benefit From Continued Secukinumab Treatment

Phase 4 · Recruiting · Novartis Pharmaceuticals

A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Trial of Azathioprine for the Prevention of Relapse in Myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-Antibody Associated Disease

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Hospices Civils de Lyon

Assessment of Metformin for Restoration of Immune Homeostasis in HIV+ and HIV- Individuals With a History of Injection Drug Use (MET-IH)

Phase 4 · Recruiting · University of Alabama at Birmingham

Hydrocortisone Plus Fludrocortisone in High-risk Patients Undergoing for Cardiac Surgery

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens

Biologics and Blistering - Using a Contact Dermatitis Model With Biologic Medications to Study Skin Inflammation Through Suction Blistering

Phase 2/3 · Active, not recruiting · Wei-Che Ko

A Randomized, Double-masked, Sham-controlled, Multicenter, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Tabirafusp Alfa (KSI-101) in Participants With Macular Edema Secondary to Inflammation (MESI) - PEAK

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Kodiak Sciences Inc
Recruiting

An Open-label, Multi-center Protocol for Patients Who Have Completed a Previous Novartis Sponsored Secukinumab Study and Are Judged by the Investigator to Benefit From Continued Secukinumab Treatment

Phase 4 · Recruiting · Novartis Pharmaceuticals

A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase 3 Trial of Azathioprine for the Prevention of Relapse in Myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-Antibody Associated Disease

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Hospices Civils de Lyon

Assessment of Metformin for Restoration of Immune Homeostasis in HIV+ and HIV- Individuals With a History of Injection Drug Use (MET-IH)

Phase 4 · Recruiting · University of Alabama at Birmingham

Hydrocortisone Plus Fludrocortisone in High-risk Patients Undergoing for Cardiac Surgery

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens

A Randomized, Double-masked, Sham-controlled, Multicenter, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Tabirafusp Alfa (KSI-101) in Participants With Macular Edema Secondary to Inflammation (MESI) - PEAK

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Kodiak Sciences Inc
Recently completed

Effect of Maolactin™ FMR Supplementation on Exercise Recovery, Inflammation, and Muscle Comfort in an Otherwise Healthy Population: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Study

Phase 3 · Completed · RDC Clinical Pty Ltd

The Canadian Study of Arterial Inflammation in Patients With Diabetes and Recent Vascular Events: EvaluatioN of Colchicine Effectiveness (CADENCE)

Phase 3 · Completed · Ottawa Heart Institute Research Corporation

The Effect of Celecoxib on Neuroinflammation in MDD: PET Imaging of a Novel Treatment Target With [18F]FEPPA

Phase 4 · Completed · Stony Brook University

Effect of Maolactin™ FMR Supplementation on Exercise Recovery, Inflammation, and Muscle Comfort in an Otherwise Healthy Population: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Study

Phase 3 · Completed · RDC Clinical Pty Ltd

Assessing eFficacy and Safety of DEXTENZA 0.4 mg inseRt in Conjunction With Topical Drop Regimen Treating Pain and inflamMation Following Cataract Surgery Compared to SOC Topical Drop Regimen

Phase 4 · Completed · Nicole Fram M.D.

The Role of Butirprost® as an Adjuvant in Enhancing the Effect of Antibiotics in Patients Affected by Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: A Randomized Prospective Trial

Phase 3 · Completed · Federico II University

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

First approvals
2026emaApproval — Depemokimab· Asthma  Exdensur is indicated as add-on maintenance treatment for severe asthma with type 2 inflammation characterised by blood eosinophil count in adults and adolescents 12 years and older who are inadequately controlled despite high dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus another asthma controller (see section 5.1). Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)  Exdensur is indicated as an add-on therapy with intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of adult patients with severe CRSwNP for whom therapy with systemic corticosteroids and/or surgery do not provide adequate disease control. source ↗
2026emaApproval — Golimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate.- the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX.Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)Gotenfia, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritisAnkylosing spondylitis (AS)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy.Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Ulcerative colitis (UC)Gotenfia is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis (pUC)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients 2 years of age and older with a body weight of at least 15 kg, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy, including corticosteroids and 6‑mercaptopurine (6‑MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Juvenile idiopathic arthritisPolyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA)Gotenfia in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. source ↗
2025emaApproval — Golimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Gobivaz, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX. Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Gobivaz in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Gobivaz, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ulcerative colitis (UC) Gobivaz is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. source ↗
2021emaApproval — Adalimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: - the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) including methotrexate has been inadequate. - the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with methotrexate. Hukyndra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in patients from the age of 2 years who have had an inadequate response to one or more DMARD. Hukyndra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate (for the efficacy in monotherapy see section 5.1). Adalimumab has not been studied in patients aged less than 2 years. Enthesitis-related arthritis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active enthesitis-related arthritis in patients, 6 years of age and older, who have had an inadequate response to, or who are intolerant of, conventional therapy (see section 5.1). Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe active AS who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS but with objective signs of inflammation by elevated CRP and/or MRI, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Psoriatic arthritis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adults when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease (see section 5.1) and to improve physical function. Psoriasis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. Paediatric plaque psoriasis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in children and adolescents from 4 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are inappropriate candidates for topical therapy and phototherapies. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe HS (acne inversa) in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). Crohn’s disease Hukyndra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and/or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric Crohn's disease Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including primary nutrition therapy and a corticosteroid and/or an immunomodulator, or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Ulcerative colitis Hukyndra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and/or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Uveitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids, in patients in need of corticosteroid-sparing, or in whom corticosteroid treatment is inappropriate. Paediatric uveitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of paediatric chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis in patients from 2 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant to conventional therapy, or in whom conventional therapy is inappropriate. source ↗
2021emaApproval — Adalimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis Libmyris in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) including methotrexate has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with methotrexate. Libmyris can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Libmyris in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in patients from the age of 2 years who have had an inadequate response to one or more DMARD. Libmyris can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate (for the efficacy in monotherapy see section 5.1). Adalimumab has not been studied in patients aged less than 2 years. Enthesitis-related arthritis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active enthesitis-related arthritis in patients, 6 years of age and older, who have had an inadequate response to, or who are intolerant of, conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe active AS who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS but with objective signs of inflammation by elevated CRP and/or MRI, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Psoriatic arthritis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adults when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Psoriasis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. Paediatric plaque psoriasis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in children and adolescents from 4 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are inappropriate candidates for topical therapy and phototherapies. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe HS (acne inversa) in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). Crohn’s disease Libmyris is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and/or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric Crohn's disease Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including primary nutrition therapy and a corticosteroid and/or an immunomodulator, or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Ulcerative colitis Libmyris is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and/or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Uveitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids, in patients in need of corticosteroid-sparing, or in whom corticosteroid treatment is inappropriate. Paediatric uveitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of paediatric chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis in patients from 2 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant to conventional therapy, or in whom conventional therapy is inappropriate. source ↗
2021emaApproval — Bimekizumab· Plaque psoriasis Bimzelx is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy. Psoriatic arthritis Bimzelx, alone or in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis in adults who have had an inadequate response or who have been intolerant to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Axial spondyloarthritis Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) Bimzelx is indicated for the treatment of adults with active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) who have responded inadequately or are intolerant to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ankylosing spondylitis (AS, radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) Bimzelx is indicated for the treatment of adults with active ankylosing spondylitis who have responded inadequately or are intolerant to conventional therapy. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)Bimzelx is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) in adults with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy. source ↗
2019emaApproval — Upadacitinib· Rheumatoid arthritis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Rinvoq may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate. Psoriatic arthritis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more DMARDs. Rinvoq may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate. Axial spondyloarthritis Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)  Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in adult patients with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), who have responded inadequately to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ankylosing spondylitis (AS, radiographic axial spondyloarthritis)  Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Giant cell arteritis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of giant cell arteritis in adult patients. Atopic dermatitis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults and adolescents 12 years and older who are candidates for systemic therapy. Ulcerative colitis Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response, lost response or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a biologic agent.  Crohn’s disease Rinvoq is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease who have had an inadequate response, lost response or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a biologic agent. source ↗
2019emaApproval — Adalimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis Idacio in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs including methotrexate has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with methotrexate. Idacio can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Idacio in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in patients from the age of 2 years who have had an inadequate response to one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Idacio can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate (for the efficacy in monotherapy see section 5.1). Adalimumab has not been studied in patients aged less than 2 years. Enthesitis-related arthritis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of active enthesitis-related arthritis in patients, 6 years of age and older, who have had an inadequate response to, or who are intolerant of, conventional therapy (see section 5.1). Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Idacio is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe active ankylosing spondylitis who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS Idacio is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS but with objective signs of inflammation by elevated CRP and/or MRI, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Psoriatic arthritis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adults when the response to previous disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug therapy has been inadequate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease (see section 5.1) and to improve physical function. Psoriasis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. Paediatric plaque psoriasis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in children and adolescents from 4 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are inappropriate candidates for topical therapy and phototherapies. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Idacio is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy. Crohn’s disease Idacio is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and/or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric Crohn's disease Idacio is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including primary nutrition therapy and a corticosteroid and/or an immunomodulator, or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Ulcerative colitis Idacio is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6 mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Uveitis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids, in patients in need of corticosteroid- sparing, or in whom corticosteroid treatment is inappropriate. Paediatric Uveitis Idacio is indicated for the treatment of paediatric chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis in patients from 2 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant to conventional therapy, or in whom conventional therapy is inappropriate. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

565 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time
20152026
Most influential

Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance.

The Journal of clinical investigation · 2003 · 4,951 cites

IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2014 · 3,349 cites

Photodynamic therapy.

Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 1998 · 3,227 cites

Inflammation, stress, and diabetes.

The Journal of clinical investigation · 2005 · 2,663 cites

Prostaglandins and inflammation.

Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2011 · 2,570 cites

The complexity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer.

Molecular cancer · 2013 · 2,451 cites
Recent publications

Cytokines as Neuromodulators: Insights From Experimental Studies With Humans and Nonhuman Primates.

Biological psychiatry · 2026 · 5 cites

Anti-inflammatory effects of physical stimuli: The central role of networks in shaping the future of pharmacological research.

British journal of pharmacology · 2026

Immunomodulatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanistic Insights and Health Implications.

Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025 · 43 cites

Physiopathology of polycystic ovary syndrome in endocrinology, metabolism and inflammation.

Journal of ovarian research · 2025 · 40 cites

Modulation of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways by semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

Nature medicine · 2025 · 37 cites

Understanding chronic inflammation: couplings between cytokines, ROS, NO, Ca<sub>i</sub> <sup>2+</sup>, HIF-1α, Nrf2 and autophagy.

Frontiers in immunology · 2025 · 37 cites
Major themes8
  • Inflammation89
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome45
  • Neoplasms20
  • Alzheimer Disease15
  • Cardiovascular Diseases15
  • Insulin Resistance15
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 213
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases12
Leading journals6
  • Frontiers in immunology78
  • International journal of molecular sciences59
  • Nutrients20
  • The Journal of clinical investigation19
  • Nature communications17
  • Signal transduction and targeted therapy16
Leading researchers8
  • Li X11
  • Chen S9
  • Liu X9
  • Wang H9
  • Wang Y9
  • Li J8
  • Li Y8
  • Liu Y8
Affiliations (unnormalised)6
  • School of Medicine25
  • School of Pharmacy7
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital5
  • Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell5
  • Harvard Medical School5
  • Karolinska Institutet5

Disease biology

10 matches

Key proteins & gene products studied in this disease. Number shows shared papers.

Cytokines91P0523118Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha18C-Reactive Protein12NF-kappa B12Interleukin-1710Chemokines8Interferon-gamma8Interleukin-108Interleukin-1beta8

Related conditions

12 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Obesity45Neoplasms43Dysbiosis32Insulin Resistance30Cardiovascular Diseases27COVID-1927Neurodegenerative Diseases25Alzheimer's Disease24Diabetes Mellitus, Type 224Neuroinflammatory Diseases24Disease Models, Animal23Autoimmune Diseases19

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Inflammation is a pathological process in which tissues are injured or destroyed through a range of cellular and chemical reactions. It is typically associated with pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. The supplied material also frames inflammation as a broad host response involved in immunity, metabolism, and disease.

Causes

The grounding supports inflammation as a response to infections and tissue injury, and also notes chemically induced inflammation as a literature aspect. It further indicates that dysregulated or chronic inflammatory states can arise in association with obesity, metabolic disease, and microbiota dysbiosis. Beyond these contexts, no single cause is supported here.

Pathophysiology

Inflammation involves coordinated signaling through cytokines, chemokines, and transcriptional pathways such as NF-kappa B, with contributions from innate immunity and oxidative stress. IL-6 is described as being rapidly induced by infection or tissue injury to support acute-phase responses, hematopoiesis, and immune reactions, while persistent IL-6 production is linked to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. The literature also highlights crosstalk between inflammatory and metabolic pathways, and roles for the gastrointestinal microbiome and microRNAs in regulating inflammatory responses.

Risk factors

Supported risk factors or associated contexts include obesity, aging, and microbiota dysbiosis. Diet is also represented in the grounding as a relevant modifier of inflammatory biology, and metabolic disease is linked to chronic low-level inflammation. The supplied material does not support a more specific risk-factor list.

Current standard of care

The grounding supports anti-inflammatory drug therapy at the class or modality level, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin synthesis. It also supports targeted cytokine blockade, exemplified by anti-IL-6 receptor therapy such as tocilizumab for immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Photodynamic therapy is mentioned in the supplied abstracts, but only in the context of cancer and not as standard treatment for inflammation itself.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-06.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Identifiers
MeSHInflammation
References & data sources
  • Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
  • Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
  • Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
  • Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.