Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.2026-04-27

Research Highlights1View

2025-12-22Infectious diseases, infection control, vaccines and long-term care: an European interdisciplinary Council on ageing consensus document.Veronese N · 2025

Clinical Milestones15View all 15

Results expected 5

2026-10-20A Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir (MK-4482) in Non-Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 at High Risk for Disease ProgressionResults expected Q1 2031
2026-10-15AN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, DOUBLE-BLIND, 2-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IBUZATRELVIR COMPARED WITH PLACEBO IN NON-HOSPITALIZED SYMPTOMATIC ADULT AND ADOLESCENT PARTICIPANTS WITH COVID-19 WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF PROGRESSING TO SEVERE ILLNESSResults expected Q4 2027
2026-09-11IDCRP-154: Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) StudyResults expected Q3 2027
2026-08-25AN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, 3-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE IBUZATRELVIR IN ADULTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC COVID-19 WHO ARE SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISEDResults expected Q3 2027
2026-08-13Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVIDResults expected Q1 2028

Recently completed 5

Other updates 4

+7 more in the activity timeline below

Industry & Market12View all 12

2026-09-28COVID-19 test approval: how to applyRegulatory news · MHRA (gov.uk)
2026-09-01Study: COVID-19 unleashes ‘army of dormant viruses’Research news · Healio Pulmonology
2026-10-30IDWeek 2026: early ensitrelvir PEP may benefit breakthrough and established Covid-19Industry · Pharmaceutical Technology
2026-10-21Covid-19 and international aid cuts disrupt tuberculosis care in South AfricaIndustry · Clinical Trials Arena
2026-10-19Scientists discover why some people still can’t taste food after COVID-19Industry · Science Daily

+7 more in the activity timeline below

Regulatory Updates1View

2026-04-27Biosimilar approval — TocilizumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.

Activity timeline29

2029-12-30ClinicalREVERSE-Long COVID: A Multicenter Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Immunomodulation (With Baricitinib) for Long COVID Related Cognitive Impairment and ADRD (Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias)Withdrawn
2026-10-30IndustryIDWeek 2026: early ensitrelvir PEP may benefit breakthrough and established Covid-19Industry · Pharmaceutical Technology
2026-10-21IndustryCovid-19 and international aid cuts disrupt tuberculosis care in South AfricaIndustry · Clinical Trials Arena
2026-10-20ClinicalA Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir (MK-4482) in Non-Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 at High Risk for Disease ProgressionResults expected Q1 2031
2026-10-19IndustryScientists discover why some people still can’t taste food after COVID-19Industry · Science Daily
2026-10-15ClinicalAN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, DOUBLE-BLIND, 2-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IBUZATRELVIR COMPARED WITH PLACEBO IN NON-HOSPITALIZED SYMPTOMATIC ADULT AND ADOLESCENT PARTICIPANTS WITH COVID-19 WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF PROGRESSING TO SEVERE ILLNESSResults expected Q4 2027
2026-10-09IndustryGlobal wildfires decreased during the COVID-19 lockdown, but some fires intensified without human interventionIndustry · Phys.org — Earth
2026-10-05IndustryThe hidden pandemic within the pandemic: How COVID-19 impacted sepsis – and what comes nextIndustry · pharmaphorum
2026-09-28IndustryCOVID-19 test approval: how to applyRegulatory news · MHRA (gov.uk)
2026-09-22IndustryUrban trees associated with a reduction in negative sentiment with stronger links during COVID-19Industry · Nature — Environmental Sciences

Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies

Tocilizumabapproved

Biosimilar approval — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated fo… (2026)

Regdanvimabapproved

Product authorisation ended — Regdanvimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID… (2025)

Sipavibartapproved

Original application approval — Kavigale is indicated for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults and adolesce… (2025)

Remdesivirapproved

Original application approval — Veklury is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in adu… (2020)

Anakinraapproved

Original application approval — Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Kineret is indicated in adults for the treatment of the signs a… (2002)

Research-associated treatments

COVID-19 Vaccines62 Vitamin D6 Liposomes5 Hydroxychloroquine4 Azithromycin3 ChAdOx1 nCoV-193 BCG Vaccine2 Chloroquine2 Influenza Vaccines2

Showing the 10 strongest co-studied agents of 14 by shared papers — weaker co-mentions are not shown.

Clinical trials

16 sponsors · 4 new · 5 completed in the last 12 months (net +1)

The current development programme across all trial phases.

Clinical programme

All trials

Active

Late-stage

Completed

Late-stage studies

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC

Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVID

Phase 2/3 · Recruiting · University of Alberta

sElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRIT

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)

AN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, 3-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE IBUZATRELVIR IN ADULTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC COVID-19 WHO ARE SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Pfizer

IDCRP-154: Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) Study

Phase 4 · Active, not recruiting · Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Pfizer

Recruiting

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC

Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVID

Phase 2/3 · Recruiting · University of Alberta

sElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRIT

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)

AN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, 3-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE IBUZATRELVIR IN ADULTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC COVID-19 WHO ARE SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Pfizer

Recently completed

Phase 4 · Completed · Tor Biering-Sørensen

A PHASE 3 PROTOCOL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF A BNT162B2 (LP.8.1)-ADAPTED VACCINE IN CHILDREN 5 THROUGH 11 YEARS OF AGE CONSIDERED AT HIGH RISK FOR SEVERE COVID-19

Phase 3 · Completed · BioNTech SE

A MASTER PHASE 1/2/3 PROTOCOL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF VARIANT-ADAPTED BNT162b2 RNA-BASED VACCINE CANDIDATE(S) IN HEALTHY CHILDREN

Phase 3 · Completed · BioNTech SE

An Open-Label, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Participants Aged 6 Months to < 6 Years

Phase 3 · Completed · ModernaTX, Inc.

REcovering From COVID-19 Lingering Symptoms Adaptive Integrative Medicine (RECLAIM)

Phase 2/3 · Completed · University Health Network, Toronto

COV-IMMUNO: A Randomized, Phase III Trial of Immunization With IMM-101 Versus Observation for the Prevention of Severe Respiratory and COVID-19 Related Infections in Cancer Patients at Increased Risk of Exposure

Phase 3 · Completed · Canadian Cancer Trials Group

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

Product approvals and authorisations

2026emaBiosimilar approval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaBiosimilar approval — Tocilizumab· Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (see Section 4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for thetreatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoidfactor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (see Section4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaOriginal application approval — Sipavibart· Kavigale is indicated for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg and who are immunocompromised due to a medical condition or receipt of immunosuppressive treatments.Kavigale should be used in accordance with official recommendations where available and based on information on the activity of sipavibart against presently circulating viral variants (see sections 4.4 and 5.1). source ↗

2024emaBiosimilar approval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): - the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with methotrexate (MTX) (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). - the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA): the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (PJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA): the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). source ↗

2023emaBiosimilar approval — Tocilizumab· Tyenne, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Tyenne can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Tyenne in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2020emaOriginal application approval — Remdesivir· Veklury is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in adults and paediatric patients (at least 4 weeks of age and weighing at least 3 kg):  with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen or other non-invasive ventilation at start of treatment) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19 (see section 5.1) source ↗

2009emaOriginal application approval — Tocilizumab· RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.  RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.  RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.  RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. source ↗

2002emaOriginal application approval — Anakinra· Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Kineret is indicated in adults for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of RA in combination with methotrexate, with an inadequate response to methotrexate alone. COVID-19 Kineret is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adult patients with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen) who are at risk of progressing to severe respiratory failure determined by plasma concentration of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) ? 6 ng/ml. Periodic fever syndromes Kineret is indicated for the treatment of the following autoinflammatory periodic fever syndromes in adults, adolescents, children and infants aged 8 months and older with a body weight of 10 kg or above: Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) Kineret is indicated for the treatment of CAPS, including: Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID) / Chronic Infantile Neurological, Cutaneous, Articular Syndrome (CINCA) Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS) Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS) Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) Kineret is indicated for the treatment of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Kineret should be given in combination with colchicine, if appropriate. Still’s Disease Kineret is indicated in adults, adolescents, children and infants aged 8 months and older with a body weight of 10 kg or above for the treatment of Still’s disease, including Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA) and Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD), with active systemic features of moderate to high disease activity, or in patients with continued disease activity after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or glucocorticoids. Kineret can be given as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). source ↗

Other regulatory activity

2025emaProduct authorisation ended — Regdanvimab· Regdanvimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

592 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

2020–2025

Most influential

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.

The New England journal of medicine · 2020 · 12,089 cites

Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine.

The New England journal of medicine · 2021 · 8,675 cites

UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021.

Nucleic acids research · 2021 · 5,078 cites

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2.

Nature microbiology · 2020 · 4,816 cites

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

Lancet (London, England) · 2021 · 3,723 cites

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Lancet (London, England) · 2024 · 3,448 cites

Recent publications

Global burden of mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021.

BMC psychiatry · 2025 · 70 cites

Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025 · 65 cites

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade.

Nature · 2025 · 46 cites

Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis.

The Lancet. Global health · 2025 · 45 cites

Cardiovascular disease as part of Long COVID: a systematic review.

European journal of preventive cardiology · 2025 · 43 cites

AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025 · 42 cites

Major themes8

COVID-19231
Pandemics69
Betacoronavirus63
SARS-CoV-255
Coronavirus Infections38
Pneumonia, Viral38
Communicable Diseases21
COVID-19 Vaccines13

Leading journals6

Frontiers in immunology36
Nature18
Frontiers in public health13
International journal of environmental research and public health13
Signal transduction and targeted therapy12
PloS one11

Leading researchers8

Wang Y14
Zhang Y12
Yang Y11
Zhang J11
Li Y10
Li X9
Zhang Q9
Chen Y8

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

University of Oxford28
School of Medicine26
School of Public Health17
Imperial College London15
University of Cambridge15
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai14

Associated genes

12 matches

Genes associated with this disease in the canonical knowledge graph (Open Targets evidence). Number shows the association score.

ACE20.68 TYK20.66 IL6R0.63 IFNAR20.62 TMPRSS20.61 GPC50.59 ABO0.57 OAS10.57 SDC10.57 SFTPD0.56 CCR10.55 ST6GAL10.55

Disease biology

12 matches

Proteins whose encoding gene is associated with this disease, reached through the canonical gene→disease graph. Number shows the gene's association score.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2via ACE20.68 Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2via TYK20.66 Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alphavia IL6R0.63 Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2via IFNAR20.62 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein Dvia SFTPD0.56 Interleukin-10 receptor subunit betavia IL10RB0.54 Syndecan-4via SDC40.54 Beclin-1via BECN10.48 Interferon regulatory factor 3via IRF30.47 Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein eS31 fusion proteinvia RPS27A0.47 Beta-2-microglobulinvia B2M0.47 Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alphavia CHUK0.46

Related conditions

12 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Pneumonia, Viral209 Coronavirus Infections208 Communicable Diseases30 Inflammation27 Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome26 Cardiovascular Diseases23 Mental Disorders22 Nervous System Diseases21 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome21 Neoplasms19 Cytokine Release Syndrome15 Obesity14

Showing the 12 strongest of 95 by shared papers — weaker co-mentions are not shown.

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

COVID-19 is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus. It is generally characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and loss of taste or smell, and can present with viral pneumonia. The literature also covers complications, mortality, transmission, virology, immunology, and long-term sequelae.

Causes

The causative agent is SARS-CoV-2. The supplied grounding also describes COVID-19 as a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease arising from a novel coronavirus and notes that it represents a spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans.

Pathophysiology

The disease is linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection and host-pathogen interactions, with literature focusing on virology, immunology, innate immunity, and signal transduction. Co-studied proteins include the spike glycoprotein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, cytokines, interleukin-6, antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies, indicating involvement of viral entry and immune response. The grounding also supports pathology in the form of viral pneumonia and persistent post-acute effects.

Risk factors

The supplied grounding does not support specific individual risk factors for acquiring COVID-19. It does support transmission-related and epidemiologic study, but not enough detail to name particular risk factors.

Current standard of care

The grounding supports prevention and control through COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines and synthetic RNA vaccines. It also includes tocilizumab among co-studied drugs, indicating immunomodulatory therapy is part of the literature, but no broader treatment standard is explicitly supported beyond vaccination and clinical therapies in general.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-06.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

A viral disorder generally characterized by high FEVER; COUGH; DYSPNEA; CHILLS; PERSISTENT TREMOR; MUSCLE PAIN; HEADACHE; SORE THROAT; a new loss of taste and/or smell (see AGEUSIA and ANOSMIA) and other symptoms of a VIRAL PNEUMONIA. A coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS, in the genus BETACORONAVIRUS is the causative agent.

Identifiers

MeSHCOVID-19

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.