Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.2026-04-27

Research Highlights6View

2025-10-22SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade.Grippin AJ · 2025
2025-10-21Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis.2025
2025-12-22Infectious diseases, infection control, vaccines and long-term care: an European interdisciplinary Council on ageing consensus document.Veronese N · 2025
2025-08-27Diabetes Mellitus and Infectious Diseases: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Kim T · 2025
2025-09-01Vaccination as a new form of cardiovascular prevention: a European Society of Cardiology clinical consensus statement.Heidecker B · 2025
2025-09-24Keeping a modeling-driven public health dashboard relevant-lessons learned from the California Communicable diseases Assessment Tool.Thakur M · 2025

Clinical Milestones17View all 17

Results expected 5

2026-07-31AN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, DOUBLE-BLIND, 2-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IBUZATRELVIR COMPARED WITH PLACEBO IN NON-HOSPITALIZED SYMPTOMATIC ADULT AND ADOLESCENT PARTICIPANTS WITH COVID-19 WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF PROGRESSING TO SEVERE ILLNESSResults expected Q4 2027
2026-07-06A Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir (MK-4482) in Non-Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 at High Risk for Disease ProgressionResults expected Q1 2031
2026-06-09sElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRITResults expected Q4 2027
2026-05-27Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVIDResults expected Q1 2028
2026-05-04IDCRP-154: Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) StudyResults expected Q3 2027

Recently completed 5

Other updates 5

+9 more in the activity timeline below

Industry & Market3View

2026-07-16Environmental prevalence of enteric viruses across the covid-19 pandemic: A three-year monitoring studyResearch news · Nature — Environmental Sciences
2026-07-13This microbiologist endured a four-year court battle over COVID-19 testsIndustry · Nature News
2026-07-08STAT+: RFK Jr. plans to create list of injuries caused by Covid-19 vaccinesIndustry · STAT News

Regulatory Updates1View

2026-04-27Approval — TocilizumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients.

Activity timeline27

2029-12-30ClinicalREVERSE-Long COVID: A Multicenter Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Immunomodulation (With Baricitinib) for Long COVID Related Cognitive Impairment and ADRD (Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias)Withdrawn
2026-07-31ClinicalAN INTERVENTIONAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY, PHASE 3, DOUBLE-BLIND, 2-ARM STUDY TO INVESTIGATE ORALLY ADMINISTERED IBUZATRELVIR COMPARED WITH PLACEBO IN NON-HOSPITALIZED SYMPTOMATIC ADULT AND ADOLESCENT PARTICIPANTS WITH COVID-19 WHO ARE AT HIGH RISK OF PROGRESSING TO SEVERE ILLNESSResults expected Q4 2027
2026-07-16IndustryEnvironmental prevalence of enteric viruses across the covid-19 pandemic: A three-year monitoring studyResearch news · Nature — Environmental Sciences
2026-07-13IndustryThis microbiologist endured a four-year court battle over COVID-19 testsIndustry · Nature News
2026-07-08IndustrySTAT+: RFK Jr. plans to create list of injuries caused by Covid-19 vaccinesIndustry · STAT News
2026-07-06ClinicalA Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir (MK-4482) in Non-Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 at High Risk for Disease ProgressionResults expected Q1 2031
2026-06-16ClinicalA Phase 3b/4, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA-1283 COVID-19 Variant-containing Vaccine FormulationsCompleted
2026-06-09ClinicalsElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRITResults expected Q4 2027
2026-05-27ClinicalTaurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVIDResults expected Q1 2028
2026-05-17ClinicalA Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Study to Compare the Safety and Immunogenicity of 3 Lots of SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle and Trivalent Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Combination Vaccine With Matrix M™ Adjuvant in Participants ≥ 65 Years of AgeWithdrawn

Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies

Tocilizumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated fo… (2026)

Sipavibartapproved

Approval — Kavigale is indicated for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults and adolesce… (2025)

Remdesivirapproved

Approval — Veklury is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in adu… (2020)

Anakinraapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Kineret is indicated in adults for the treatment of the signs a… (2002)

Research-associated treatments

COVID-19 Vaccines62 Vitamin D6 Liposomes5 Hydroxychloroquine4 Azithromycin3 ChAdOx1 nCoV-193 BCG Vaccine2 Chloroquine2 Influenza Vaccines2

Clinical trials

16 sponsors · 5 new · 6 completed in the last 12 months (net +1)

The current development programme across all trial phases.

Clinical programme

All trials

Active

Late-stage

Completed

Late-stage studies

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC

Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVID

Phase 2/3 · Recruiting · University of Alberta

sElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRIT

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Pfizer

IDCRP-154: Comparative Immunogenicity of Respiratory Virus Vaccines (CIRV2) Study

Phase 4 · Active, not recruiting · Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine

A Phase 4, Randomized, Observer-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of mRNA-1283 And mRNA-1273 Variant-Containing Formulation in Adults 50 to 64 Years of Age Without Underlying Conditions That Put Them at High Risk for Severe Outcomes From COVID-19

Phase 4 · Active, not recruiting · ModernaTX, Inc.

Recruiting

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC

Taurine Supplementation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Neurocognitive Symptoms in Long COVID

Phase 2/3 · Recruiting · University of Alberta

sElective Serotonin reuPtake inhibitoRs In posT-covid: ESPRIT

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Academisch Medisch Centrum - Universiteit van Amsterdam (AMC-UvA)

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Pfizer

Recently completed

A Phase 3b/4, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of mRNA-1283 COVID-19 Variant-containing Vaccine Formulations

Phase 4 · Completed · ModernaTX, Inc.

A PHASE 3 PROTOCOL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF BNT162B2 RNA-BASED VARIANT-ADAPTED VACCINE CANDIDATE(S) AGAINST SARS-COV-2 IN PARTICIPANTS 12 THROUGH 64 YEARS OF AGE CONSIDERED AT HIGHER RISK OF SEVERE COVID-19, AND PARTICIPANTS ≥65 YEARS OF AGE

Phase 3 · Completed · BioNTech SE

A Phase 3 Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Omicron JN.1 Subvariant SARS-CoV-2 rS Vaccine Adjuvanted With Matrix-M

Phase 3 · Completed · Sanofi

An Open-Label, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Participants Aged 6 Months to < 6 Years

Phase 3 · Completed · ModernaTX, Inc.

REcovering From COVID-19 Lingering Symptoms Adaptive Integrative Medicine (RECLAIM)

Phase 2/3 · Completed · University Health Network, Toronto

COV-IMMUNO: A Randomized, Phase III Trial of Immunization With IMM-101 Versus Observation for the Prevention of Severe Respiratory and COVID-19 Related Infections in Cancer Patients at Increased Risk of Exposure

Phase 3 · Completed · Canadian Cancer Trials Group

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

First approvals

2026emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Tuyory, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of severe, active and progressive RA in adults not previously treated with MTX.- the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease- modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists.In these patients, Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of active sJIA in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and systemic corticosteroids. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX.Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Tuyory in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of pJIA (rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Tuyory can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening CRS in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) Tuyory is indicated for the treatment of GCA in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. Avtozma, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (see Section 4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Avtozma in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for thetreatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoidfactor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 12 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (see Section4.2). Avtozma can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Avtozma is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2025emaApproval — Sipavibart· Kavigale is indicated for the pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg and who are immunocompromised due to a medical condition or receipt of immunosuppressive treatments.Kavigale should be used in accordance with official recommendations where available and based on information on the activity of sipavibart against presently circulating viral variants (see sections 4.4 and 5.1). source ↗

2024emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): - the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with methotrexate (MTX) (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). - the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA): the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (PJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA): the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids (monotherapy or in combination with MTX). source ↗

2023emaApproval — Tocilizumab· Tyenne, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tocilizumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. Tyenne can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. Tyenne in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.Tyenne can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. Tyenne is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. source ↗

2020emaApproval — Remdesivir· Veklury is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in adults and paediatric patients (at least 4 weeks of age and weighing at least 3 kg):  with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen or other non-invasive ventilation at start of treatment) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19 (see section 5.1) source ↗

2009emaApproval — Tocilizumab· RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 1 year of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.  RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) in adult patients. RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.  RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. RoActemra, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adults not previously treated with MTX. the treatment of moderate to severe active RA in adult patients who have either responded inadequately to, or who were intolerant to, previous therapy with one or more disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. In these patients, RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate.  RoActemra has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function when given in combination with methotrexate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults who are receiving systemic corticosteroids and require supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with NSAIDs and systemic corticosteroids. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy (in case of intolerance to MTX or where treatment with MTX is inappropriate) or in combination with MTX. RoActemra in combination with methotrexate (MTX) is indicated for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic polyarthritis (pJIA; rheumatoid factor positive or negative and extended oligoarthritis) in patients 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. RoActemra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to MTX or where continued treatment with MTX is inappropriate. RoActemra is indicated for the treatment of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-induced severe or life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in adults and paediatric patients 2 years of age and older. source ↗

2002emaApproval — Anakinra· Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Kineret is indicated in adults for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of RA in combination with methotrexate, with an inadequate response to methotrexate alone. COVID-19 Kineret is indicated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adult patients with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen (low- or high-flow oxygen) who are at risk of progressing to severe respiratory failure determined by plasma concentration of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) ? 6 ng/ml. Periodic fever syndromes Kineret is indicated for the treatment of the following autoinflammatory periodic fever syndromes in adults, adolescents, children and infants aged 8 months and older with a body weight of 10 kg or above: Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) Kineret is indicated for the treatment of CAPS, including: Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID) / Chronic Infantile Neurological, Cutaneous, Articular Syndrome (CINCA) Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS) Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS) Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) Kineret is indicated for the treatment of Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Kineret should be given in combination with colchicine, if appropriate. Still’s Disease Kineret is indicated in adults, adolescents, children and infants aged 8 months and older with a body weight of 10 kg or above for the treatment of Still’s disease, including Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (SJIA) and Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD), with active systemic features of moderate to high disease activity, or in patients with continued disease activity after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or glucocorticoids. Kineret can be given as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-inflammatory drugs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). source ↗

Safety updates

2025emaMarket withdrawal — Regdanvimab· Regdanvimab is indicated for the treatment of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at increased risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

592 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

20202025

Most influential

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.

The New England journal of medicine · 2020 · 12,089 cites

Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine.

The New England journal of medicine · 2021 · 8,675 cites

UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase in 2021.

Nucleic acids research · 2021 · 5,078 cites

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2.

Nature microbiology · 2020 · 4,816 cites

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

Lancet (London, England) · 2021 · 3,723 cites

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Lancet (London, England) · 2024 · 3,448 cites

Recent publications

Global burden of mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021.

BMC psychiatry · 2025 · 70 cites

Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025 · 65 cites

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade.

Nature · 2025 · 46 cites

Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis.

The Lancet. Global health · 2025 · 45 cites

Cardiovascular disease as part of Long COVID: a systematic review.

European journal of preventive cardiology · 2025 · 43 cites

AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies.

Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025 · 42 cites

Major themes8

COVID-19231
Pandemics69
Betacoronavirus63
SARS-CoV-255
Coronavirus Infections38
Pneumonia, Viral38
Communicable Diseases21
COVID-19 Vaccines13

Leading journals6

Frontiers in immunology36
Nature18
Frontiers in public health13
International journal of environmental research and public health13
Signal transduction and targeted therapy12
PloS one11

Leading researchers8

Wang Y14
Zhang Y12
Yang Y11
Zhang J11
Li Y10
Li X9
Zhang Q9
Chen Y8

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

University of Oxford28
School of Medicine26
School of Public Health17
Imperial College London15
University of Cambridge15
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai14

Disease biology

10 matches

Key proteins & gene products studied in this disease. Number shows shared papers.

Cytokines36 Antibodies, Viral35 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 226 Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus26 Antibodies, Neutralizing19 Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A18 mRNA Vaccines17 P0523115 Vaccines, Synthetic15 Immunoglobulin G12

Related conditions

12 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Pneumonia, Viral209 Coronavirus Infections208 Communicable Diseases30 Inflammation27 Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome26 Cardiovascular Diseases23 Mental Disorders22 Nervous System Diseases21 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome21 Neoplasms19 Cytokine Release Syndrome15 Obesity14

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

COVID-19 is an acute viral respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus. It is generally characterized by fever, cough, dyspnea, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, and loss of taste or smell, and can present with viral pneumonia. The literature also covers complications, mortality, transmission, virology, immunology, and long-term sequelae.

Causes

The causative agent is SARS-CoV-2. The supplied grounding also describes COVID-19 as a coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease arising from a novel coronavirus and notes that it represents a spillover of an animal coronavirus to humans.

Pathophysiology

The disease is linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection and host-pathogen interactions, with literature focusing on virology, immunology, innate immunity, and signal transduction. Co-studied proteins include the spike glycoprotein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, cytokines, interleukin-6, antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies, indicating involvement of viral entry and immune response. The grounding also supports pathology in the form of viral pneumonia and persistent post-acute effects.

Risk factors

The supplied grounding does not support specific individual risk factors for acquiring COVID-19. It does support transmission-related and epidemiologic study, but not enough detail to name particular risk factors.

Current standard of care

The grounding supports prevention and control through COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines and synthetic RNA vaccines. It also includes tocilizumab among co-studied drugs, indicating immunomodulatory therapy is part of the literature, but no broader treatment standard is explicitly supported beyond vaccination and clinical therapies in general.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-06.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

A viral disorder generally characterized by high FEVER; COUGH; DYSPNEA; CHILLS; PERSISTENT TREMOR; MUSCLE PAIN; HEADACHE; SORE THROAT; a new loss of taste and/or smell (see AGEUSIA and ANOSMIA) and other symptoms of a VIRAL PNEUMONIA. A coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 VIRUS, in the genus BETACORONAVIRUS is the causative agent.

Identifiers

MeSHCOVID-19

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.