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Drug

Choline

In clinical development
Emerging researchLate-stage developmentSteady momentum
Also known as Arthropan, Ilopan Choline, N-trimethylethanolamine, Tricosal+5 more

Arthropan, Ilopan Choline, N-trimethylethanolamine, Tricosal, Trilisate, Vitamin J, trimethylethanolamine, Choline Bitartrate, N,N,N-trimethylethanol-ammonium.

RxNorm2449ChEMBLCHEMBL920UNIIN91BDP6H0X
4
Research papers
5
Active clinical trials
Latest activity
beta

Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this drug.

Choline Supplementation as a Neurodevelopmental Intervention in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Study

Clinical trial2026-07-08Results expected Q3 2027 · ClinicalTrials.gov

CARNIVAL Study: Gut Flora Dependent Metabolism of Dietary CARNItine and Phosphatidylcholine and cardioVAscuLar Disease

Clinical trial2026-03-23Results expected Q4 2027 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Double-blind Trial of Phosphatidylcholine Supplementation During Pregnancy: Impact on Attention and Social Withdrawal at 4 Years of Age

Clinical trial2025-12-22Completed · ClinicalTrials.gov

Reverse Triple Negative Immune Resistant Breast Cancer

Clinical trial2025-12-03Results expected Q4 2026 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Testing Whether Choline Normalizes Lipid Metabolism in APOE4 Carriers

Clinical trial2025-10-10Completed · ClinicalTrials.gov

Supplemental Choline to Prevent and Treat Learning and Memory Deficits of Early Iron Deficiency: the SupCHO Study

Clinical trial2025-08-27Results expected Q3 2027 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Clinical Trial of Maternal Choline Supplements to Mitigate Effects of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on Early Brain Development

Clinical trial2025-02-03Results expected Q2 2029 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Effect of Oral Choline Supplementation on Postoperative Pain

Clinical trial2024-07-09Results posted · ClinicalTrials.gov

Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease.

Research2020-07-30Circulation research

De novo NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis enhances mitochondrial function and improves health.

Research2018-10-24Nature

Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain.

Research2013-04-07British journal of anaesthesia

The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications.

Research2001-10-01The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Profile

Identifiers & mechanism

Canonical identifiers, marketed brand names and mechanism, resolved across RxNorm, ChEMBL and ATC.

Canonical name
Choline
Aliases & brands
ArthropanIlopan CholineN-trimethylethanolamineTricosalTrilisateVitamin JtrimethylethanolamineCholine BitartrateN,N,N-trimethylethanol-ammonium
RxNorm CUI
2449
ChEMBL ID
CHEMBL920
UNII
N91BDP6H0X

Clinical trials

14 trials

The current development programme across all trial phases — status mix, phase distribution and the late-stage studies shaping the evidence base.

Development programme
CLINICALTRIALS.GOV · LIVE REGISTRY
14
registered trials across all phases
LATEST COMPLETION 2025
5
Active studies
3
Recruiting
5
Late-stage (III+)
8
Completed
1
Discontinued
PHASE DISTRIBUTIONn = 14
Early Phase 11Phase 14Phase 1 / 21Phase 23Phase 2 / 31Phase 43Phase N / A1

Late-stage studies

Phase III+ trials still open or recently active — where late-stage evidence is being generated.

Effects of a Nutraceutic Compound on Cognitive Impairment in Frailty Patients

CompletedPH IVFederico II Universityn=582023

A Pilot Study of Choline and Betaine Supplementation in Arsenic-exposed Individuals in Bangladesh

CompletedPH IVColumbia Universityn=602014

Effect of Oral Choline Supplementation on Postoperative Pain

CompletedPH IVColumbia Universityn=602012

Supplemental Choline to Prevent and Treat Learning and Memory Deficits of Early Iron Deficiency: the SupCHO Study

RecruitingPH II/IIIUniversity of Minnesotan=3002027

Recent completions

Trials that read out recently, adding to the completed evidence base.

Double-blind Trial of Phosphatidylcholine Supplementation During Pregnancy: Impact on Attention and Social Withdrawal at 4 Years of Age

CompletedPH IUniversity of Colorado, Denvern=2162025

Testing Whether Choline Normalizes Lipid Metabolism in APOE4 Carriers

CompletedPH IPaul E Schulzn=152025

Effects of a Nutraceutic Compound on Cognitive Impairment in Frailty Patients

CompletedPH IVFederico II Universityn=582023

Choline Supplementation as a Neurodevelopmental Intervention in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

CompletedPH IIUniversity of Minnesotan=462021

Double-blind Trial of Phosphatidylcholine During Pregnancy and Infant Serum Choline Levels

CompletedPH IUniversity of Colorado, Denvern=3512017

Postnatal Choline Supplementation in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

CompletedPH I/IIUniversity of Minnesotan=602014

Research activity

4 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this drug, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time
20012020
Most influential

Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease.

Circulation research · 2020 · 756 cites

The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2001 · 691 cites

De novo NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis enhances mitochondrial function and improves health.

Nature · 2018 · 348 cites

Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain.

British journal of anaesthesia · 2013 · 6 cites
Recent papers

Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease.

Circulation research · 2020 · 756 cites

De novo NAD<sup>+</sup> synthesis enhances mitochondrial function and improves health.

Nature · 2018 · 348 cites

Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain.

British journal of anaesthesia · 2013 · 6 cites

The brain metabolite kynurenic acid inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptor activity and increases non-alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression: physiopathological implications.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2001 · 691 cites
Major research themes5
Conserved Sequence1Dietary Supplements1Evolution, Molecular1Gynecologic Surgical Procedures1Health1
Journals, researchers & institutions
Top journals
  • British journal of anaesthesia1
  • Circulation research1
  • Nature1
  • The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience1
Leading researchers
  • Albuquerque EX1
  • Alkondon M1
  • Auwerx J1
  • Cialabrini L1
  • Davies S1
  • De Franco F1
  • de Seigneux S1
  • Flood P1
Leading institutions
free-text, unnormalised
  • Center for Microbiome and Human Health (M.W.1
  • Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center1
  • Geneva University Hospitals1
  • Healthy Aging-Korean Medical Research Center1
  • Heart and Vascular Institute (S.L.H.)1
  • Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research1

Related diseases

1 conditions

Regulator-approved indications and conditions co-mentioned with this drug across the research literature. Number shows shared papers.

Active research areas
Disease Models, Animal2

Related drugs

4 matches

Drugs sharing diseases, protein targets and literature with this one. Ranked by graph evidence (shared targets + diseases weighted above co-mentions).

Glutamine

Studied across 5 of the same disease areas as Choline in the shared literature.

5 shared diseases1 shared paper
Nicotine

Studied across the same disease area as Choline in the shared literature.

1 shared disease1 shared paper
Glycine

Frequently co-studied with Choline in the research literature.

1 shared paper
Kynurenic Acid

Frequently co-studied with Choline in the research literature.

1 shared paper
References & data sources
  • RxNorm (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — drug identity
  • ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI) & UniProt — pharmacology and targets
  • Europe PMC — research literature
  • ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical trials