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Drug

Epinephrine

Approved · FDA / EMA
ClassAdrenergic receptor agonistEmerging researchLate-stage development
Also known as (-)-(R)-epinephrine, (R)-(-)-Adnephrine, (R)-(-)-Adrenaline, (R)-(-)-Epinephrine+57 more

(-)-(R)-epinephrine, (R)-(-)-Adnephrine, (R)-(-)-Adrenaline, (R)-(-)-Epinephrine, (R)-(-)-Epirenamine, Adrenaclick, Adrenalin, Adrenalin, Topical, Adrenaline, Adrénaline, Ana-Guard, Articadent, Asthmahaler, Auvi-Q, Bronitin, Bronkaid Mist, Citanest Forte, E-Pilo-1, E-Pilo-2, E-Pilo-4, E-Pilo-6, EPINEPHrine (Eqv-Adrenaclick) Auto-Injector, EPINEPHrine (Eqv-EpiPen JR) Auto-Injector, EPINEPHrine (Eqv-EpiPen) Auto-Injector, EPINEPHrine Auto-Injector, EpiPen 2-Pak, Epifrin, Epinal, Epinefrin, Epinefrina, Epipen, Flavalta, Glaucon, Lignospan, Marcaine with Epinephrine, Medihaler-Epi, Neffy, Orabloc, P1E1, P2E1, P3E1, P4E1, P6E1, Primatene Mist Inhaler, RACEPINEFRINE, (R)-, Sensorcaine with Epinephrine, Septocaine, Sus-Phrine Injection, Symjepi, Ultacan, Vivacaine, Xylocaine with Epinephrine, Zorcaine, Epinephrin, 1,2-BENZENEDIOL, 4-(1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, (R)-, 4-((1R)-1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-1,2-BENZENEDIOL, BENZYL ALCOHOL, 3,4-DIHYDROXY-.ALPHA.-((METHYLAMINO)METHYL)-, (-)-, EPINEPHrine Bitartrate, EPINEPHrine Hydrochloride, Epinephrinum, Eppy/N.

RxNorm3992ChEMBLCHEMBL679ATCR03AA01ATCS01EA51ATCR01AA14ATCB02BC09ATCS01EA01ATCA01AD01ATCC01CA24ATCR03AK01UNIIYKH834O4BH
2
Research papers
25
Active clinical trials
9
Protein targets
10
Regulatory events
Latest activity
beta

Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this drug.

The Effect of Epinephrine in Irrigation Fluid for Visualization During Ankle Arthroscopy: A Randomized Blinded Controlled Trial

Clinical trial2026-08-01Withdrawn · ClinicalTrials.gov

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Epinephrine in the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertensive Crisis Under Hemodynamic Monitoring

Clinical trial2026-06-25Results expected Q4 2028 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Label change: EPINEPHRINE (NDA204640)

Regulatory2026-06-22FDA

Effect of Push-Dose Adrenaline on Peri-intubation Cardiovascular and Clinical Outcomes During Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Clinical trial2026-06-10Results expected Q4 2026 · ClinicalTrials.gov

A Single-Arm, Open-Label Study of Intralesional Treatment of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Cisplatin

Clinical trial2026-06-01Results expected Q3 2031 · ClinicalTrials.gov

An Outpatient, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over Study of the Efficacy of ARS-2 in Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Clinical trial2026-06-01Primary completion · ClinicalTrials.gov

Stimulation of Regional Lipolysis and Adipocyte Lipolysis Proteins

Clinical trial2026-05-22Results expected Q1 2028 · ClinicalTrials.gov

Recall (Class III): EPINEPHRINE

Regulatory2026-05-14FDA

Approval: Eurneffy (EMA)

Regulatory2024-08-22EMA

Impact of norepinephrine on immunity and oxidative metabolism in sepsis.

Research2023-11-07Frontiers in immunology

Label change: EPINEPHRINE (NDA204640)

Regulatory2023-01-05FDA

The effect of topical epinephrine 1:1000 with and without infiltration of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 on endoscopic surgical field visualization: a double-blind randomized controlled study.

Research2019-10-31International forum of allergy & rhinology

Profile

Identifiers & mechanism

Canonical identifiers, marketed brand names and mechanism, resolved across RxNorm, ChEMBL and ATC.

Canonical name
Epinephrine
Aliases & brands
(-)-(R)-epinephrine(R)-(-)-Adnephrine(R)-(-)-Adrenaline(R)-(-)-Epinephrine(R)-(-)-EpirenamineAdrenaclickAdrenalinAdrenalin, TopicalAdrenalineAdrénalineAna-GuardArticadentAsthmahalerAuvi-QBronitinBronkaid MistCitanest ForteE-Pilo-1E-Pilo-2E-Pilo-4E-Pilo-6EPINEPHrine (Eqv-Adrenaclick) Auto-InjectorEPINEPHrine (Eqv-EpiPen JR) Auto-InjectorEPINEPHrine (Eqv-EpiPen) Auto-InjectorEPINEPHrine Auto-InjectorEpiPen 2-PakEpifrinEpinalEpinefrinEpinefrinaEpipenFlavaltaGlauconLignospanMarcaine with EpinephrineMedihaler-EpiNeffyOrablocP1E1P2E1P3E1P4E1P6E1Primatene Mist InhalerRACEPINEFRINE, (R)-Sensorcaine with EpinephrineSeptocaineSus-Phrine InjectionSymjepiUltacanVivacaineXylocaine with EpinephrineZorcaineEpinephrin1,2-BENZENEDIOL, 4-(1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-, (R)-4-((1R)-1-HYDROXY-2-(METHYLAMINO)ETHYL)-1,2-BENZENEDIOLBENZYL ALCOHOL, 3,4-DIHYDROXY-.ALPHA.-((METHYLAMINO)METHYL)-, (-)-EPINEPHrine BitartrateEPINEPHrine HydrochlorideEpinephrinumEppy/N
RxNorm CUI
3992
ChEMBL ID
CHEMBL679
ATC codes
R03AA01S01EA51R01AA14B02BC09S01EA01A01AD01C01CA24R03AK01
UNII
YKH834O4BH
Primary mechanism
Adrenergic receptor agonist
Regulatory jurisdictions
fdaema

Pharmacology & targets

9 targets

Known molecular targets and mechanisms supported by curated pharmacology databases.

Beta-3 adrenergic receptor
ADRB3 · P13945
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
ADRB1 · P08588
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
ADRB2 · P07550
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
ADRA1A · P35348
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
ADRA1D · P25100
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
ADRA1B · P35368
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor
ADRA2A · P08913
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
ADRA2C · P18825
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor
ADRA2B · P18089
AGONISTAdrenergic receptor agonist

Regulatory timeline

10 events

The complete regulatory record, grouped by authority — approvals, safety advisories and label changes. Each authority shows its most recent events; expand one to read its full history.

Earliest approval
2013-12-18
Latest approval
2024-08-22
Authorities
FDA · EMA
Total events
10
fdaU.S. Food and Drug Administration· 9 events
2026-06-22Label change
Label change: EPINEPHRINE (NDA204640)
Evidence ↗
2026-05-14RecallSafety
Recall (Class III): EPINEPHRINE
Evidence ↗
2023-01-05Label change
Label change: EPINEPHRINE (NDA204640)
Evidence ↗
emaEuropean Medicines Agency· 1 event
2024-08-22Approval
Approval: Eurneffy (EMA)
Indication: Eurneffy is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) due to insect stings or bites, foods, medicinal products and other allergens as well as… Show full indication

Eurneffy is indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) due to insect stings or bites, foods, medicinal products and other allergens as well as idiopathic or exercise induced anaphylaxis. Treatment is indicated for adults and children aged 4 years and over with a body weight of 15 kg or more.

Evidence ↗

Data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), public domain (CC0).

Contains information from the European Medicines Agency (European Medicines Agency), © EMA, reused under CC BY 4.0.

Clinical trials

160 trials

The current development programme across all trial phases — status mix, phase distribution and the late-stage studies shaping the evidence base.

Development programme
CLINICALTRIALS.GOV · LIVE REGISTRY
160
registered trials across all phases
LATEST COMPLETION 2026
25
Active studies
21
Recruiting
132
Late-stage (III+)
92
Completed
43
Discontinued
PHASE DISTRIBUTIONn = 160
Early Phase 13Phase 18Phase 1 / 24Phase 213Phase 2 / 35Phase 317Phase 454Phase N / A56

Late-stage studies

Phase III+ trials still open or recently active — where late-stage evidence is being generated.

CanROC Epinephrine Dose: Optimal Versus Standard Evaluation Trial (CanROC EpiDOSE Trial)

RecruitingPH IVKey trialUnity Health Toronton=3,7902028

A Phase IV Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Neffy or Intramuscular Adrenalin in Patients With Allergic Reactions After Oral Food Challenge or Allergen Immunotherapy

RecruitingPH IVARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc.n=6002027

Effect of Push-Dose Adrenaline on Peri-intubation Cardiovascular and Clinical Outcomes During Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Not yet recruitingPH IVMarmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospitaln=1282026

Evaluation of Emergency Medication in Children With Food Allergies: a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Multicenter Study Comparing Antihistamines Versus Antihistamines Plus Steroids in a Controlled Setting of Oral Food Challenges in Children.

RecruitingPH IVJohannes Trueckn=1602026

A Randomized Double Blind Trial of Vasoactive Drugs for the Management of Shock in the ICU

RecruitingPH IVUniversity of Chicagon=8362026

Recent completions

Trials that read out recently, adding to the completed evidence base.

Comparison of Intrathecal Epinephrine Versus Dexmedetomidine as Adjuvants in Cesarean Section

CompletedPH IVIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinain=902026

The Efficiency of Periarticular Multimodal Drug Injection in Pain Management Following Primary Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized Controlled Trial

CompletedN/ADamascus Universityn=802025

Perioperative Analgesic Management Using Conventional Versus Regional Nerve Block in Craniotomy Surgeries in Lower Middle-Income Class Countries

CompletedPH IVAga Khan Universityn=622025

Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Dysfunction Dose Response of Epinephrine

CompletedPH IUniversity of Maryland, Baltimoren=322025

Prophylactic Tranexamic Acid Versus Adrenaline for Bleeding Prevention During Flexible Bronchoscopy: a Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

CompletedN/AKey trialClinical Hospital Centre Zagrebn=1,0132025

A Phase I/II Open Label, Dose Escalation Study of Palifermin (Kepivance) in Persons Undergoing Unrelated Donor Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

CompletedPH I/IINational Cancer Institute (NCI)n=342025

Research activity

2 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this drug, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time
20202023
Major research themes3
Endoscopy1Norepinephrine1Sepsis1
Journals, researchers & institutions
Top journals
  • Frontiers in immunology1
  • International forum of allergy & rhinology1
Leading researchers
  • Bartels B1
  • Borchard NA1
  • Choby G1
  • Dholakia SS1
  • Farrar JD1
  • Hwang PH1
  • Maul X1
  • Mehta P1
Leading institutions
free-text, unnormalised
  • Mayo Clinic1
  • Ramathibodi Hospital1
  • Stanford University1
  • University of Texas1
  • University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center1

Related drugs

1 matches

Drugs sharing diseases, protein targets and literature with this one. Ranked by graph evidence (shared targets + diseases weighted above co-mentions).

Norepinephrine

Studied across 2 of the same disease areas as Epinephrine in the shared literature.

2 shared diseases1 shared paper
References & data sources
  • RxNorm (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — drug identity
  • ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI) & UniProt — pharmacology and targets
  • Europe PMC — research literature
  • ClinicalTrials.gov — clinical trials
  • Regulatory event sources are credited in the Regulatory Timeline above.