Influenza, Human
Recent clinical, regulatory, research and industry developments relating to this disease.
Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections.
Variation in the basal immune state and implications for disease.
Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza.
The gut-lung axis in influenza A: the role of gut microbiota in immune balance.
Obesity dysregulates the pulmonary antiviral immune response.
Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase.
Approval: Dectova (EMA)
What's happening now
An analyst briefing on current research, clinical, regulatory and industry activity surrounding this disease.
- 6 clinical trials expected to report results, the earliest in Q3 2026.
- Q3 2026EVax-3: Human Upper and Lower Airway Mucosal Immune Response to FluMist Vaccination
- Q1 2027Immunogenicity and Safety of 2 Doses of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Vaccine Administered 3 vs. 8 Weeks Apart - A Multi-Center Non-Inferiority Placebo-Controlled Observer-Blinded Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial
- Q2 2027A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-group Non-inferiority Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-dose Combination of 1000 mg Dipyrone Monohydrate + 60 mg Caffeine + 4 mg Chlorpheniramine Maleate Compared to Benegrip® in Improving Symptoms of the Common Cold and Flu in Adult Participants
- Q2 2027Comparison of Immunogenicity of Different Influenza Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
- Q4 2028The Effects of Woodsmoke Exposure on Nasal Immune Responses to Influenza Infection in Normal Human Volunteers
Clinical MilestonesView all 13Hide
- 2026-06-16A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-group Non-inferiority Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-dose Combination of 1000 mg Dipyrone Monohydrate + 60 mg Caffeine + 4 mg Chlorpheniramine Maleate Compared to Benegrip® in Improving Symptoms of the Common Cold and Flu in Adult ParticipantsResults expected Q2 2027
- 2026-05-15The Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE III) Study - a Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q4 2030
- 2026-04-30The Effects of Woodsmoke Exposure on Nasal Immune Responses to Influenza Infection in Normal Human VolunteersResults expected Q4 2028
- 2026-03-24Comparison of Immunogenicity of Different Influenza Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic MalignanciesResults expected Q2 2027
- 2026-01-16Immunogenicity and Safety of 2 Doses of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Vaccine Administered 3 vs. 8 Weeks Apart - A Multi-Center Non-Inferiority Placebo-Controlled Observer-Blinded Phase 2 Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q1 2027
- 2026-06-15A Phase 3/3b, Randomized, Observer-blind, Multicenter Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Fluad and Fluad Quadrivalent Compared to a Non-adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Adults ≥65 Years of AgeCompleted
- 2026-01-22Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine as a Nasal Model for Influenza InfectionCompleted
- 2025-11-17A Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-Blind, Active-Control Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Safety of mRNA-1083 (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza) Vaccine in Healthy Adults ≥50 Years of AgeCompleted
- 2025-08-26A Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-group, Double-blind, Comparative Trial of the Superiority of Paracetamol 500mg/Fexofenadine 60mg/Phenylephrine 20mg Fixed-dose Combination Versus Placebo in the Symptomatic Treatment of Flu and ColdCompleted
- 2025-08-21A Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-blind, Active-controlled, Case-driven Study to Investigate the Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1010 Candidate Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Compared With a Licensed Inactivated Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Adults ≥50 Years of AgeCompleted
- 2026-06-16ClinicalA Phase III, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Parallel-group Non-inferiority Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-dose Combination of 1000 mg Dipyrone Monohydrate + 60 mg Caffeine + 4 mg Chlorpheniramine Maleate Compared to Benegrip® in Improving Symptoms of the Common Cold and Flu in Adult ParticipantsResults expected Q2 2027
- 2026-06-15ClinicalA Phase 3/3b, Randomized, Observer-blind, Multicenter Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Fluad and Fluad Quadrivalent Compared to a Non-adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Adults ≥65 Years of AgeCompleted
- 2026-05-19ClinicalRandomized Controlled Trial, Double Blind, Phase III, to Evaluate the Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Among Health Care Personnel (EDUCATE)Results posted
- 2026-05-17ClinicalA Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Study to Compare the Safety and Immunogenicity of 3 Lots of SARS-CoV-2 rS Nanoparticle and Trivalent Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Combination Vaccine With Matrix M™ Adjuvant in Participants ≥ 65 Years of AgeWithdrawn
- 2026-05-15ClinicalThe Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE III) Study - a Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q4 2030
- 2026-04-30ClinicalThe Effects of Woodsmoke Exposure on Nasal Immune Responses to Influenza Infection in Normal Human VolunteersResults expected Q4 2028
- 2026-03-24ClinicalComparison of Immunogenicity of Different Influenza Vaccines in Patients With Hematologic MalignanciesResults expected Q2 2027
- 2026-01-22ClinicalLive Attenuated Influenza Vaccine as a Nasal Model for Influenza InfectionCompleted
- 2026-01-16ClinicalImmunogenicity and Safety of 2 Doses of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Vaccine Administered 3 vs. 8 Weeks Apart - A Multi-Center Non-Inferiority Placebo-Controlled Observer-Blinded Phase 2 Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q1 2027
- 2025-11-17ClinicalA Phase 3, Randomized, Observer-Blind, Active-Control Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity, Reactogenicity, and Safety of mRNA-1083 (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza) Vaccine in Healthy Adults ≥50 Years of AgeCompleted
Research-associated treatments
Drugs and agents co-studied with this disease across the research literature — associative, not necessarily established treatments. Number shows shared papers.
Clinical trials
The current development programme across all trial phases.
Research activity
Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.
Major themes8
- Influenza, Human13
- COVID-197
- Respiratory Tract Infections5
- Disease Outbreaks3
- Influenza A virus3
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections3
- Communicable Diseases2
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome2
Leading journals6
- PLoS medicine3
- PloS one3
- eLife2
- Frontiers in immunology2
- Nature communications2
- The Lancet. Global health2
Leading researchers8
- Chen Y3
- Cohen C3
- Li Y3
- Nair H3
- Azziz-Baumgartner E2
- Bassat Q2
- Campbell H2
- Chadha M2
Affiliations (unnormalised)6
- School of Public Health3
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital3
- University of Oxford3
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2
- Centre for Global Health2
- Centre for Respiratory Disease and Meningitis2
Disease biology
Key proteins & gene products studied in this disease. Number shows shared papers.
Related conditions
Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.
Disease profile
A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.
Influenza, human, is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract. It commonly involves inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva, and is associated with headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.
It is caused by infection with influenza virus. The supplied grounding also supports that influenza activity is seasonal and that transmission is a relevant aspect of the literature, but it does not provide more specific causal detail.
The literature grounding emphasizes host immunity, virulence, and neuraminidase as relevant mechanisms in influenza. It also supports that innate immune responses and antiviral antibodies are important, and that severe disease can involve inflammatory injury to the respiratory tract. Vitamin D-related reviews further describe modulation of inflammatory cytokines and induction of antimicrobial peptides as potentially influencing host defense.
Obesity is supported as a risk factor for increased influenza severity and mortality. The grounding also indicates that seasonal patterns, immune status, and age-related burden in young children and older adults are important epidemiologic features, but it does not support a broader list of individual risk factors.
The supplied literature supports prevention and control with influenza vaccines. It also supports drug therapy at the class level through antiviral treatment targeting influenza virus, with neuraminidase as a relevant protein target, and it includes vitamin D supplementation as a studied preventive adjunct rather than a standard treatment. The grounding does not support more specific treatment recommendations.
AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.
Reference
Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.
- Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
- Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
- Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
- Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.