2021emaApproval — Azathioprine· Jayempi is indicated in combination with other immunosuppressive agents for the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in patients receiving allogenic kidney, liver, heart, lung or pancreas transplants. Azathioprine is indicated in immunosuppressive regimens as an adjunct to immunosuppressive agents that form the mainstay of treatment (basis immunosuppression). Jayempi is used as an immunosuppressant antimetabolite either alone or, more commonly, in combination with other agents (usually corticosteroids) and/ or procedures which influence the immune response. Jayempi is indicated in patients who are intolerant to glucocorticosteroids or if the therapeutic response is inadequate despite treatment with high doses of glucocorticosteroids, in the following diseases: severe active rheumatoid arthritis (chronic polyarthritis) that cannot be kept under control by less toxic agents (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic -medicinal products – DMARDs) auto-immune hepatitis  systemic lupus erythematosus dermatomyositis polyarteritis nodosa pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid Behçet’s disease refractory auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, caused by warm IgG antibodies chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Jayempi is used for the treatment of moderately severe to severe forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) in patients in whom glucocorticosteroid therapy is necessary, but where glucocorticosteroids are not tolerated, or in whom the disease is untreatable with other common means of first choice. It is also indicated in adult patients in relapsing multiple sclerosis, if an immunomodulatory therapy is indicated but beta interferon therapy is not possible, or a stable course has been achieved with previous treatment with azathioprine. 3 Jayempi is indicated for the treatment of generalised myasthenia gravis. Depending on the severity of the disease, Jayempi should be given in combination with glucocorticosteroids because of slow onset of action at the beginning of treatment and the glucocorticosteroid dose should be gradually reduced after several months of treatment. source ↗

2016emaApproval — Enoxaparin· Inhixa is indicated for adults for: Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, particularly in patients undergoing orthopaedic, general or oncological surgery. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients bedridden due to acute illnesses including acute heart failure, acute respiratory failure, severe infections, as well as exacerbation of rheumatic diseases causing immobilisation of the patient (applies to strengths of 40 mg/0.4 mL). Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), complicated or uncomplicated by pulmonary embolism. Treatment of unstable angina and non Q wave myocardial infarction, in combination with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Treatment of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) including patients who will be treated conservatively or who will later undergo percutaneous coronary angioplasty (applies to strengths of 60 mg/0.6 mL, 80 mg/0.8 mL, and 100 mg/1 mL). Blood clot prevention in the extracorporeal circulation during haemodialysis. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

52 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

20092025

Most influential

The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators.

The New England journal of medicine · 1999 · 5,811 cites

Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association.

Circulation · 2002 · 4,524 cites

Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer.

The New England journal of medicine · 2005 · 3,717 cites

Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association.

Circulation · 2013 · 3,658 cites

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS), endorsed by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT).

European heart journal · 2009 · 2,203 cites

Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery.

Circulation · 1999 · 2,022 cites

Recent publications

Heart-brain axis in health and disease: role of innate and adaptive immunity.

Cardiovascular research · 2025 · 24 cites

Cardiac diffusion-weighted and tensor imaging: A consensus statement from the special interest group of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.

Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2025 · 19 cites

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence in Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: A Comprehensive Review.

Clinical cardiology · 2025 · 17 cites

Global burden of hypertensive heart disease and attributable risk factors, 1990-2021: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.

Scientific reports · 2025 · 11 cites

Standards for cardiac telerehabilitation.

European heart journal · 2025 · 5 cites

Cardiovascular inhalation for targeted drug delivery in cardiac disease.

Heart failure reviews · 2025 · 2 cites

Major themes8

Heart Diseases23
Cardiovascular Diseases9
Cardiology5
Neoplasms3
Cardiovascular Agents2
Cardiovascular System2
Defibrillators, Implantable2
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells2

Leading journals6

European heart journal8
Circulation6
Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance3
The New England journal of medicine3
Circulation research2
European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging2

Leading researchers8

Ennis DB2
Gibbs JS2
Huang H2
Lyon AR2
Newburger JW2
Nihoyannopoulos P2
Torbicki A2
Wilde AAM2

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

Boston Children's Hospital3
Harvard Medical School3
Mayo Clinic3
Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research3
University of Padova3
Brigham and Women's Hospital2

Related conditions

12 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Cardiovascular Diseases12 COVID-196 Neoplasms6 Coronavirus Infections4 Heart Failure4 Hypertension4 Pneumonia, Viral4 Arrhythmias, Cardiac3 Breast Neoplasms3 Cerebrovascular Disorders3 Death, Sudden, Cardiac3 Myocardial Infarction3

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Heart diseases are pathological conditions involving the heart, including structural and functional abnormalities. The supplied grounding frames this as a broad category rather than a single disease entity, with literature spanning diagnosis, pathology, physiopathology, imaging, therapy, and mortality.

Pathophysiology

The grounding supports several mechanisms relevant to heart disease broadly, including myocardial inflammation, myocardial infarction, right ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial edema, iron overload, and glycosphingolipid accumulation. It also notes that cardiovascular magnetic resonance mapping can quantify changes in myocardial composition through alterations in T1, T2, T2*, and extracellular volume.

Current standard of care

Management is described at the modality and drug-class level rather than as a single standard regimen. The grounding supports diagnostic imaging such as echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance, counseling and exercise as co-studied approaches, and drug therapy including intravenous gamma globulin for Kawasaki disease and mitigation of cardiovascular toxicities from cancer therapies.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.

Identifiers

MeSHHeart Diseases

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.