Rheumatoid arthritis Inflectra, in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for the reduction of signs and symptoms as well as the improvement in physical function in: adult patients with active disease when the response to disease?modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including methotrexate, has been inadequate; adult patients with severe, active and progressive disease not previously treated with methotrexate or other DMARDs. In these patient populations, a reduction in the rate of the progression of joint damage, as measured by X?ray, has been demonstrated. Adult Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for: treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and / or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies; treatment of fistulising, active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with conventional treatment (including antibiotics, drainage and immunosuppressive therapy). Paediatric Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active Crohn’s disease in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have not responded to conventional therapy including a corticosteroid, an immunomodulator and primary nutrition therapy; or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Infliximab has been studied only in combination with conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?mercaptopurine (6?MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severely active ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?MP or AZA, or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Ankylosing spondylitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Psoriatic arthritis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Inflectra should be administered: in combination with methotrexate; or alone in patients who show intolerance to methotrexate or for whom methotrexate is contraindicated. Infliximab has been shown to improve physical function in patients with psoriatic arthritis, and to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X?ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease. Psoriasis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adult patients who failed to respond to, or who have a contraindication to, or are intolerant to other systemic therapy including cyclosporine, methotrexate or psoralen ultra-violet A (PUVA).2026-05-21

Clinical Milestones15View all 15

Results posted 2

Results expected 5

Recently completed 3

Other updates 4

+7 more in the activity timeline below

Industry & Market3View

2026-06-30Abivax rebounds from stock drop with safety data for much-hyped colitis prospectIndustry · Fierce Biotech
2026-06-11Olixir NY teams with Crohn's & Colitis Foundation for ‘Spill Your Guts’ campaignIndustry · Fierce Pharma
2026-06-22Merck’s anti-TL1A antibody from Prometheus buyout passes ph. 3 test in ulcerative colitisIndustry · Fierce Biotech

Regulatory Updates3View

2026-05-21Market withdrawal — InfliximabRheumatoid arthritis Inflectra, in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for the reduction of signs and symptoms as well as the improvement in physical function in: adult patients with active disease when the response to disease?modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including methotrexate, has been inadequate; adult patients with severe, active and progressive disease not previously treated with methotrexate or other DMARDs. In these patient populations, a reduction in the rate of the progression of joint damage, as measured by X?ray, has been demonstrated. Adult Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for: treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and / or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies; treatment of fistulising, active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with conventional treatment (including antibiotics, drainage and immunosuppressive therapy). Paediatric Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active Crohn’s disease in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have not responded to conventional therapy including a corticosteroid, an immunomodulator and primary nutrition therapy; or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Infliximab has been studied only in combination with conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?mercaptopurine (6?MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severely active ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?MP or AZA, or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Ankylosing spondylitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Psoriatic arthritis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Inflectra should be administered: in combination with methotrexate; or alone in patients who show intolerance to methotrexate or for whom methotrexate is contraindicated. Infliximab has been shown to improve physical function in patients with psoriatic arthritis, and to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X?ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease. Psoriasis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adult patients who failed to respond to, or who have a contraindication to, or are intolerant to other systemic therapy including cyclosporine, methotrexate or psoralen ultra-violet A (PUVA).
2026-02-10Approval — GolimumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate.- the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX.Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)Gotenfia, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritisAnkylosing spondylitis (AS)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy.Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Ulcerative colitis (UC)Gotenfia is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis (pUC)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients 2 years of age and older with a body weight of at least 15 kg, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy, including corticosteroids and 6‑mercaptopurine (6‑MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Juvenile idiopathic arthritisPolyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA)Gotenfia in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX.
2025-11-17Approval — GolimumabRheumatoid arthritis (RA) Gobivaz, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX. Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Gobivaz in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Gobivaz, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ulcerative colitis (UC) Gobivaz is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies.

Activity timeline21

2027-03-01ClinicalA Prospective Cell Migration Study in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Treated With Ozanimod (S1P Receptor Antagonist)Withdrawn
2026-07-31ClinicalA Phase 3 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter Protocol in Adults With an Open Label Study in Adolescents to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Induction and Maintenance Therapy With Icotrokinra in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative ColitisResults expected Q1 2028
2026-07-19ClinicalA Randomized, Double-blind Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Mesalamine Delayed-release Capsules in Children Aged 5 to 17 Years for the Maintenance of Remission of Ulcerative ColitisWithdrawn
2026-06-30IndustryAbivax rebounds from stock drop with safety data for much-hyped colitis prospectIndustry · Fierce Biotech
2026-06-24ClinicalA Phase 3, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Risankizumab With Open-Label Induction, Randomized Double-Blind Maintenance, and Open-Label Long-Term Extension Periods in Pediatric Subjects (2 to < 18 Years of Age) With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative ColitisResults expected Q3 2034
2026-06-24ClinicalInitial Vancomycin Taper for the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection 2: A Randomized Controlled TrialResults expected Q2 2030
2026-06-23ClinicalA Phase III Randomized Double-Blind Multi-Center Treat-Through Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Induction and Maintenance Therapy With Afimkibart (RO7790121) in Children Aged 2 - 17 Years With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative ColitisResults expected Q1 2030
2026-06-22IndustryMerck’s anti-TL1A antibody from Prometheus buyout passes ph. 3 test in ulcerative colitisIndustry · Fierce Biotech
2026-06-18ClinicalA Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Treat-Through Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Induction and Maintenance Therapy With RO7790121 in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative ColitisResults expected Q1 2027
2026-06-12ClinicalA Multicenter, Multinational, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Maintenance Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Duvakitug in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative ColitisResults expected Q3 2028

Therapeutic landscape

Therapies with a regulatory footing for this condition, alongside the wider set of agents co-studied with it in the literature.

Approved & established therapies

Golimumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated f… (2026)

Etrasimod arginineapproved

Approval — Velsipity is indicated for the treatment of patients 16 years of age and older with moder… (2024)

Mirikizumabapproved

Approval — Omvoh is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active… (2023)

Adalimumabapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: -… (2021)

Azathioprineapproved

Approval — Jayempi is indicated in combination with other immunosuppressive agents for the prophylax… (2021)

Filgotinib maleateapproved

Approval — Rheumatoid arthritis Jyseleca is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active… (2020)

Research-associated treatments

Dextran Sulfate7

Clinical trials

14 sponsors · 5 new · 4 completed in the last 12 months (net +2)

The current development programme across all trial phases.

Clinical programme

All trials

Active

Late-stage

Completed

Late-stage studies

A Phase 3, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Safety of Risankizumab With Open-Label Induction, Randomized Double-Blind Maintenance, and Open-Label Long-Term Extension Periods in Pediatric Subjects (2 to < 18 Years of Age) With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Recruiting · AbbVie

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Janssen Research & Development, LLC

A Phase III Randomized Double-Blind Multi-Center Treat-Through Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Induction and Maintenance Therapy With Afimkibart (RO7790121) in Children Aged 2 - 17 Years With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Hoffmann-La Roche

A Multicenter, Multinational, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Maintenance Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Duvakitug in Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Sanofi

Initial Vancomycin Taper for the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection 2: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Phase 3 · Recruiting · McGill University Health Centre/Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre

A Phase III, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Treat-Through Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Induction and Maintenance Therapy With RO7790121 in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Active, not recruiting · Hoffmann-La Roche

Recruiting

Phase 3 · Recruiting · AbbVie

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Janssen Research & Development, LLC

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Hoffmann-La Roche

Phase 3 · Recruiting · Sanofi

Initial Vancomycin Taper for the Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection 2: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Phase 3 · Recruiting · McGill University Health Centre/Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre

Recently completed

A Multicenter, Phase 3, Open-Label Study to Investigate the Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of Mirikizumab in Participants 2 Years to Less Than 18 Years of Age With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Completed · Eli Lilly and Company

A Phase 2/3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Oral Ozanimod to Evaluate Efficacy and Long-term Safety in Japanese Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Completed · Celgene

Mirikizumab Therapy is Effective for Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis Patients Whose Geboes Score Grade is ≥3.2) on Endoscopic Biopsy

Phase 4 · Completed · Showa Inan General Hospital

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Vedolizumab Intravenous as Maintenance Therapy in Pediatric Subjects With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Achieved Clinical Response Following Open-Label Vedolizumab Intravenous Therapy

Phase 3 · Completed · Takeda

A Phase 3 Study of the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Ustekinumab as Open-label Intravenous Induction Treatment Followed by Randomized Double-blind Subcutaneous Ustekinumab Maintenance in Pediatric Participants With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

Phase 3 · Completed · Janssen Research & Development, LLC

Phase 3 · Completed · Eli Lilly and Company

Evidence coverage

8 treatments

How much of this condition's readable clinical evidence the confidence engine has incorporated, across its most-studied treatments. This measures coverage of the evidence base — not whether any treatment works.

Minimal evidence coverage

16% · 4/25 eligible items incorporated

Largest gap: no meaningful change (12, trial-readability).

Regulatory timeline

Drug regulatory events matched to this condition by indication — EMA.

First approvals

2026emaApproval — Golimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)Gotenfia, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for:- the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate.- the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX.Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function.Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)Gotenfia, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritisAnkylosing spondylitis (AS)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy.Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Ulcerative colitis (UC)Gotenfia is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis (pUC)Gotenfia is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients 2 years of age and older with a body weight of at least 15 kg, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy, including corticosteroids and 6‑mercaptopurine (6‑MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Juvenile idiopathic arthritisPolyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA)Gotenfia in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. source ↗

2025emaApproval — Golimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Gobivaz, in combination with methotrexate (MTX), is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adults when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy including MTX has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with MTX. Golimumab, in combination with MTX, has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) Gobivaz in combination with MTX is indicated for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children 2 years of age and older, who have responded inadequately to previous therapy with MTX. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) Gobivaz, alone or in combination with MTX, is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Golimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adults who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-Axial SpA) Gobivaz is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation as indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ulcerative colitis (UC) Gobivaz is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. source ↗

2024emaApproval — Etrasimod arginine· Velsipity is indicated for the treatment of patients 16 years of age and older with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) who have had an inadequate response, lost response, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy, or a biological agent. source ↗

2023emaApproval — Mirikizumab· Omvoh is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a biologic treatment. source ↗

2021emaApproval — Adalimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: - the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) including methotrexate has been inadequate. - the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with methotrexate. Hukyndra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Hukyndra in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in patients from the age of 2 years who have had an inadequate response to one or more DMARD. Hukyndra can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate (for the efficacy in monotherapy see section 5.1). Adalimumab has not been studied in patients aged less than 2 years. Enthesitis-related arthritis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active enthesitis-related arthritis in patients, 6 years of age and older, who have had an inadequate response to, or who are intolerant of, conventional therapy (see section 5.1). Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe active AS who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS but with objective signs of inflammation by elevated CRP and/or MRI, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Psoriatic arthritis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adults when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease (see section 5.1) and to improve physical function. Psoriasis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. Paediatric plaque psoriasis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in children and adolescents from 4 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are inappropriate candidates for topical therapy and phototherapies. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe HS (acne inversa) in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). Crohn’s disease Hukyndra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and/or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric Crohn's disease Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including primary nutrition therapy and a corticosteroid and/or an immunomodulator, or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Ulcerative colitis Hukyndra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and/or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Uveitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids, in patients in need of corticosteroid-sparing, or in whom corticosteroid treatment is inappropriate. Paediatric uveitis Hukyndra is indicated for the treatment of paediatric chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis in patients from 2 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant to conventional therapy, or in whom conventional therapy is inappropriate. source ↗

2021emaApproval — Adalimumab· Rheumatoid arthritis Libmyris in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe, active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients when the response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) including methotrexate has been inadequate. the treatment of severe, active and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in adults not previously treated with methotrexate. Libmyris can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of joint damage as measured by X-ray and to improve physical function, when given in combination with methotrexate. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Libmyris in combination with methotrexate is indicated for the treatment of active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in patients from the age of 2 years who have had an inadequate response to one or more DMARD. Libmyris can be given as monotherapy in case of intolerance to methotrexate or when continued treatment with methotrexate is inappropriate (for the efficacy in monotherapy see section 5.1). Adalimumab has not been studied in patients aged less than 2 years. Enthesitis-related arthritis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active enthesitis-related arthritis in patients, 6 years of age and older, who have had an inadequate response to, or who are intolerant of, conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe active AS who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy. Axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of adults with severe axial spondyloarthritis without radiographic evidence of AS but with objective signs of inflammation by elevated CRP and/or MRI, who have had an inadequate response to, or are intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Psoriatic arthritis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adults when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Adalimumab has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X-ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease and to improve physical function. Psoriasis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. Paediatric plaque psoriasis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of severe chronic plaque psoriasis in children and adolescents from 4 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are inappropriate candidates for topical therapy and phototherapies. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of active moderate to severe HS (acne inversa) in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with an inadequate response to conventional systemic HS therapy (see sections 5.1 and 5.2). Crohn’s disease Libmyris is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and/or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric Crohn's disease Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including primary nutrition therapy and a corticosteroid and/or an immunomodulator, or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Ulcerative colitis Libmyris is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in paediatric patients (from 6 years of age) who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and/or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Uveitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids, in patients in need of corticosteroid-sparing, or in whom corticosteroid treatment is inappropriate. Paediatric uveitis Libmyris is indicated for the treatment of paediatric chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis in patients from 2 years of age who have had an inadequate response to or are intolerant to conventional therapy, or in whom conventional therapy is inappropriate. source ↗

2021emaApproval — Azathioprine· Jayempi is indicated in combination with other immunosuppressive agents for the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in patients receiving allogenic kidney, liver, heart, lung or pancreas transplants. Azathioprine is indicated in immunosuppressive regimens as an adjunct to immunosuppressive agents that form the mainstay of treatment (basis immunosuppression). Jayempi is used as an immunosuppressant antimetabolite either alone or, more commonly, in combination with other agents (usually corticosteroids) and/ or procedures which influence the immune response. Jayempi is indicated in patients who are intolerant to glucocorticosteroids or if the therapeutic response is inadequate despite treatment with high doses of glucocorticosteroids, in the following diseases: severe active rheumatoid arthritis (chronic polyarthritis) that cannot be kept under control by less toxic agents (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic -medicinal products – DMARDs) auto-immune hepatitis  systemic lupus erythematosus dermatomyositis polyarteritis nodosa pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid Behçet’s disease refractory auto-immune haemolytic anaemia, caused by warm IgG antibodies chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Jayempi is used for the treatment of moderately severe to severe forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) in patients in whom glucocorticosteroid therapy is necessary, but where glucocorticosteroids are not tolerated, or in whom the disease is untreatable with other common means of first choice. It is also indicated in adult patients in relapsing multiple sclerosis, if an immunomodulatory therapy is indicated but beta interferon therapy is not possible, or a stable course has been achieved with previous treatment with azathioprine. 3 Jayempi is indicated for the treatment of generalised myasthenia gravis. Depending on the severity of the disease, Jayempi should be given in combination with glucocorticosteroids because of slow onset of action at the beginning of treatment and the glucocorticosteroid dose should be gradually reduced after several months of treatment. source ↗

2020emaApproval — Filgotinib maleate· Rheumatoid arthritis Jyseleca is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to, or who are intolerant to one or more disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Jyseleca may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate (MTX). Ulcerative colitis Jyseleca is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response with, lost response to, or were intolerant to either conventional therapy or a biologic agent. source ↗

Safety updates

2026emaMarket withdrawal — Infliximab· Rheumatoid arthritis Inflectra, in combination with methotrexate, is indicated for the reduction of signs and symptoms as well as the improvement in physical function in: adult patients with active disease when the response to disease?modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including methotrexate, has been inadequate; adult patients with severe, active and progressive disease not previously treated with methotrexate or other DMARDs. In these patient populations, a reduction in the rate of the progression of joint damage, as measured by X?ray, has been demonstrated. Adult Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for: treatment of moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with a corticosteroid and / or an immunosuppressant; or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies; treatment of fistulising, active Crohn’s disease, in adult patients who have not responded despite a full and adequate course of therapy with conventional treatment (including antibiotics, drainage and immunosuppressive therapy). Paediatric Crohn’s disease Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active Crohn’s disease in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have not responded to conventional therapy including a corticosteroid, an immunomodulator and primary nutrition therapy; or who are intolerant to or have contraindications for such therapies. Infliximab has been studied only in combination with conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis in adult patients who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?mercaptopurine (6?MP) or azathioprine (AZA), or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Paediatric ulcerative colitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severely active ulcerative colitis in children and adolescents aged six to 17 years, who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy including corticosteroids and 6?MP or AZA, or who are intolerant to or have medical contraindications for such therapies. Ankylosing spondylitis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of severe, active ankylosing spondylitis in adult patients who have responded inadequately to conventional therapy. Psoriatic arthritis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of active and progressive psoriatic arthritis in adult patients when the response to previous DMARD therapy has been inadequate. Inflectra should be administered: in combination with methotrexate; or alone in patients who show intolerance to methotrexate or for whom methotrexate is contraindicated. Infliximab has been shown to improve physical function in patients with psoriatic arthritis, and to reduce the rate of progression of peripheral joint damage as measured by X?ray in patients with polyarticular symmetrical subtypes of the disease. Psoriasis Inflectra is indicated for treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adult patients who failed to respond to, or who have a contraindication to, or are intolerant to other systemic therapy including cyclosporine, methotrexate or psoralen ultra-violet A (PUVA). source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

24 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

19982024

Most influential

Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment.

Journal of immunology research · 2014 · 1,236 cites

Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice.

Infection and immunity · 1998 · 1,084 cites

How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?

Disease models & mechanisms · 2015 · 1,017 cites

Phase 2 trial of single agent Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) · 2010 · 969 cites

Intestinal microbiome analyses identify melanoma patients at risk for checkpoint-blockade-induced colitis.

Nature communications · 2016 · 772 cites

Gut microbiota from green tea polyphenol-dosed mice improves intestinal epithelial homeostasis and ameliorates experimental colitis.

Microbiome · 2021 · 508 cites

Recent publications

Dubosiella newyorkensis modulates immune tolerance in colitis via the L-lysine-activated AhR-IDO1-Kyn pathway.

Nature communications · 2024 · 186 cites

Porphyromonas gingivalis aggravates colitis via a gut microbiota-linoleic acid metabolism-Th17/Treg cell balance axis.

Nature communications · 2024 · 121 cites

Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides distasonis synergistically protect from colitis by promoting ILC3 in the gut.

mBio · 2024 · 59 cites

Toxicity in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Frontiers in immunology · 2024 · 41 cites

Enhancing recovery from gut microbiome dysbiosis and alleviating DSS-induced colitis in mice with a consortium of rare short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria.

Gut microbes · 2024 · 32 cites

Cancer immunology research · 2024 · 30 cites

Major themes8

Colitis15
Gastrointestinal Microbiome11
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases5
Dextran Sulfate2
Dysbiosis2
Microbiota2
Neoplasms2
Bacillota1

Leading journals6

Nature communications5
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2
Frontiers in immunology2
Cancer immunology research1
Cell death & disease1
Disease models & mechanisms1

Leading researchers8

Han D3
Wang J3
Zhang X3
Zhang Z3
Guo X2
Li L2
Li Y2
Liu W2

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

College of Veterinary Medicine3
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center2
Oklahoma State University2
School of Medicine2
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding2
Weill Cornell Medical College2

Disease biology

3 matches

Key proteins & gene products studied in this disease. Number shows shared papers.

Antibodies, Monoclonal2 Interleukin-102 Ipilimumab2

Related conditions

7 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Disease Models, Animal10 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases7 Inflammation6 Dysbiosis4 Carcinogenesis2 Colorectal Neoplasms2 Neoplasms2

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Colitis is inflammation of the colon, the large-intestine segment of the bowel. It is typically associated with diarrhea, often with blood and mucus, abdominal pain, and fever.

Causes

The supplied grounding supports chemically induced colitis and colitis occurring in the setting of drug therapy, but it does not provide a broader specific aetiology. It also links colitis-related literature to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy as a cause of off-target inflammatory toxicity.

Pathophysiology

Colitis is characterized by inflammatory activity in the colonic mucosa and is discussed in the grounding in relation to abnormal immune responses, damaged intestinal mucosal barrier, and altered host-microorganism interactions. The literature also connects it to microbiota imbalance, cytokine signaling, and inflammatory pathways that can sustain intestinal inflammation.

Risk factors

The grounding supports altered gut microbiota and microbial imbalance as factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease-related colitis. It also supports exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy as a risk factor for inflammatory colitis through immune-related adverse events.

Current standard of care

The grounding supports treatment at the modality level with drug therapy, including management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related colitis by corticosteroids and/or cessation of checkpoint inhibitor therapy. It also indicates that monoclonal antibodies are relevant to the literature, but does not support a specific standard biologic regimen for colitis overall.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.

Identifiers

MeSHColitis

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.