2025emaOriginal application approval — Serplulimab· Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Hetronifly in combination with carboplatin and etoposide is indicated for the first‑line treatment of adult patients with extensive‑stage small cell lung cancer (ES‑SCLC). Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) Hetronifly in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult non-squamous NSCLC patients with no EGFR, ALK or ROS1 positive mutations and who have: locally advanced NSCLC who are not candidates for surgery or radiotherapy, or metastatic NSCLC. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Hetronifly in combination with fluoropyrimidine- and platinum-based chemotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable, locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma whose tumours express PD-L1 with a CPS ≥ 5. source ↗

2023emaOriginal application approval — Tislelizumab· Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Tevimbra, in combination with platinum-containing chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment and then continued as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with resectable NSCLC at high risk of recurrence (for selection criteria, see section 5.1).Tevimbra in combination with pemetrexed and platinum containing chemotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with non-squamous NSCLC  whose tumours have PD-L1 expression on ≥50% of tumour cells with no EGFR or ALK positive mutations and who have: locally advanced NSCLC and are not candidates for surgical resection or platinum-based chemoradiation, or metastatic NSCLC. Tevimbra in combination with carboplatin and either paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with squamous NSCLC who have: locally advanced NSCLC and are not candidates for surgical resection or platinum-based chemoradiation, or metastatic NSCLC. Tevimbra as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after prior platinum-based therapy. Patients with EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC should also have received targeted therapies before receiving tislelizumab. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)Tevimbra, in combination with etoposide and platinum chemotherapy, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with extensive-stage SCLC. Gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinomaTevimbra, in combination with platinum and fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with HER-2-negative locally advanced unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma whose tumours express PD L1 with a tumour area positivity (TAP) score ≥ 5% (see section 5.1).Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)Tevimbra, in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic OSCC whose tumours express PD L1 with a TAP score ≥ 5% (see section 5.1).Tevimbra as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic OSCC after prior platinum-based chemotherapy. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)Tevimbra, in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with recurrent, not amenable to curative surgery or radiotherapy, or metastatic NPC. source ↗

2023emaOriginal application approval — Tremelimumab· Imjudo in combination with durvalumab is indicated for the first line treatment of adults with advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Imjudo in combination with durvalumab and platinum-based chemotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with no sensitising EGFR mutations or ALK positive mutations. source ↗

2020emaBiosimilar approval — Bevacizumab· Aybintio in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy is indicated for treatment of adult patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum. Aybintio in combination with paclitaxel is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic breast cancer. For further information as to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, please refer to section 5.1 of the SmPC. Aybintio in combination with capecitabine is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic breast cancer in whom treatment with other chemotherapy options including taxanes or anthracyclines is not considered appropriate. Patients who have received taxane and anthracyclinecontaining regimens in the adjuvant setting within the last 12 months should be excluded from treatment with Aybintio in combination with capecitabine. For further information as to HER2 status, please refer to section 5.1 of the SmPC. Aybintio, in addition to platinum-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable advanced, metastatic or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer other than predominantly squamous cell histology. Aybintio, in combination with erlotinib, is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable advanced, metastatic or recurrent non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activating mutations (see section 5.1 of the SmPC). Aybintio in combination with interferon alfa-2a is indicated for first line treatment of adult patients with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell cancer. Aybintio, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the front-line treatment of adult patients with advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages III B, III C and IV) epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer (see section 5.1 of the SmPC). Aybintio, in combination with carboplatin and gemcitabine or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, is indicated for treatment of adult patients with first recurrence of platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor targeted agents. Aybintio, in combination with topotecan, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with platinum-resistant recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who received no more than two prior chemotherapy regimens and who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor targeted agents (see section 5.1 of the SmPC). Aybintio, in combination with paclitaxel and cisplatin or, alternatively, paclitaxel and topotecan in patients who cannot receive platinum therapy, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix (see section 5.1 of the SmPC). source ↗

2019emaOriginal application approval — Cemiplimab· Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Libtayo as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic or locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (mCSCC or laCSCC) who are not candidates for curative surgery or curative radiation. Libtayo as monotherapy is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of adult patients with CSCC at high risk of recurrence after surgery and radiation (see section 5.1 for selection criteria).  Basal Cell Carcinoma Libtayo as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (laBCC or mBCC) who have progressed on or are intolerant to a hedgehog pathway inhibitor (HHI). Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Libtayo as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expressing PD-L1 (in ? 50% tumour cells), with no EGFR, ALK or ROS1 aberrations, who have: locally advanced NSCLC who are not candidates for definitive chemoradiation, or metastatic NSCLC. Libtayo in combination with platinum?based chemotherapy is indicated for the first?line treatment of adult patients with NSCLC expressing PD-L1 (in ? 1% of tumour cells), with no EGFR, ALK or ROS1 aberrations, who have: locally advanced NSCLC who are not candidates for definitive chemoradiation, or metastatic NSCLC. Cervical Cancer Libtayo as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer and disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. source ↗

2018emaOriginal application approval — Durvalumab· Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)Imfinzi in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, followed by Imfinzi as monotherapy as adjuvant treatment, is indicated for the treatment of adults with resectable NSCLC at high risk of recurrence and no EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements (for selection criteria, see section 5.1). Imfinzi as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults whose tumours express PD-L1 on ≥ 1% of tumour cells and whose disease has not progressed following platinum based chemoradiation therapy (see section 5.1).Imfinzi in combination with tremelimumab and platinum-based chemotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic NSCLC with no sensitising EGFR mutations or ALK positive mutations. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)Imfinzi in combination with etoposide and either carboplatin or cisplatin is indicated for the first-line treatment of adults with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC)Imfinzi in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin is indicated for the first line treatment of adults with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC). Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)Imfinzi as monotherapy is indicated for the first line treatment of adults with advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).  Imfinzi in combination with tremelimumab is indicated for the first line treatment of adults with advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Endometrial Cancer Imfinzi in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the first-line treatment of adults with primary advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer who are candidates for systemic therapy, followed by maintenance treatment with: - Imfinzi as monotherapy in endometrial cancer that is mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) - Imfinzi in combination with olaparib in endometrial cancer that is mismatch repair proficient (pMMR). Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) Imfinzi in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as neoadjuvant treatment, followed by Imfinzi as monotherapy adjuvant treatment after radical cystectomy, is indicated for the treatment of adults with resectable muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Gastric or Gastro-oesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma (GC/GEJC) Imfinzi in combination with FLOT chemotherapy as neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment, followed by adjuvant Imfinzi monotherapy, is indicated for the treatment of adults with resectable gastric or gastro‑oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. source ↗

2018emaBiosimilar approval — Bevacizumab· Mvasi in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy is indicated for treatment of adult patients with metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum. Mvasi in combination with paclitaxel is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic breast cancer. For further information as to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, please refer to section 5.1. Mvasi, in addition to platinum-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with unresectable advanced, metastatic or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer other than predominantly squamous cell histology. Mvasi in combination with interferon alfa-2a is indicated for first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell cancer. Mvasi, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel is indicated for the front-line treatment of adult patients with advanced (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IIIB, IIIC and IV) epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Mvasi, in combination with carboplatin and gemcitabine or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel, is indicated for treatment of adult patients with first recurrence of platinum-sensitive epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor-targeted agents. Mvasi in combination with paclitaxel, topotecan, or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with platinum-resistant recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who received no more than two prior chemotherapy regimens and who have not received prior therapy with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF receptor-targeted agents. Mvasi, in combination with paclitaxel and cisplatin or, alternatively, paclitaxel and topotecan in patients who cannot receive platinum therapy, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with persistent, recurrent, or metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. source ↗

2017emaOriginal application approval — Atezolizumab· Urothelial carcinoma Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC): after prior platinum containing chemotherapy, or who are considered cisplatin ineligible, and whose tumours have a PD-L1 expression ≥ 5% (see section 5.1). Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated as adjuvant treatment following complete resection and platinum-based chemotherapy for adult patients with NSCLC with a high risk of recurrence whose tumours have PD-L1 expression on ≥ 50% of tumour cells (TC) and who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC (see section 5.1 for selection criteria). Advanced NSCLC  Tecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-squamous non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In patients with EGFR mutant or ALK-positive NSCLC, Tecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated only after failure of appropriate targeted therapies (see section 5.1).Tecentriq, in combination with nab paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated for the first line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC (see section 5.1).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumours have a PD-L1 expression ≥ 50% tumour cells (TC) or ≥ 10% tumour-infiltrating immune cells (IC) and who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK-positive NSCLC (see section 5.1).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced NSCLC who are ineligible for platinum-based therapy (see section 5.1 for selection criteria).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after prior chemotherapy. Patients with EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC should also have received targeted therapies before receiving Tecentriq (see section 5.1).Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)Tecentriq, in combination with carboplatin and etoposide, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) (see section 5.1). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)Tecentriq in combination with nab-paclitaxel is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC whose tumours have PD-L1 expression ≥ 1% and who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease.Hepatocellular carcinomaTecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have not received prior systemic therapy (see section 5.1). Urothelial carcinoma (UC) Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC: after prior platinum containing chemotherapy, or who are considered cisplatin ineligible, and whose tumours have a PD-L1 expression ≥ 5% (see section 5.1). Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated as adjuvant treatment following complete resection and platinum-based chemotherapy for adult patients with NSCLC with a high risk of recurrence whose tumours have PD-L1 expression on ≥ 50% of tumour cells (TC) and who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC (see section 5.1 for selection criteria). Advanced NSCLC  Tecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC. In patients with EGFR mutant or ALK-positive NSCLC, Tecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated only after failure of appropriate targeted therapies (see section 5.1).Tecentriq, in combination with nab paclitaxel and carboplatin, is indicated for the first line treatment of adult patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC (see section 5.1).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumours have a PD-L1 expression ≥ 50% TC or ≥ 10% tumour-infiltrating immune cells (IC) and who do not have EGFR mutant or ALK-positive NSCLC (see section 5.1).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with advanced NSCLC who are ineligible for platinum-based therapy (see section 5.1 for selection criteria).Tecentriq as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after prior chemotherapy. Patients with EGFR mutant or ALK positive NSCLC should also have received targeted therapies before receiving Tecentriq (see section 5.1).Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) Tecentriq, in combination with carboplatin and etoposide, is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) (see section 5.1). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)Tecentriq in combination with nab-paclitaxel is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic TNBC whose tumours have PD-L1 expression ≥ 1% and who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)Tecentriq, in combination with bevacizumab, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced or unresectable HCC who have not received prior systemic therapy (see section 5.1). source ↗

Other regulatory activity

2021emaProduct authorisation ended — Bevacizumab· Treatment of carcinoma of the colon or rectum, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell cancer, epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, and carcinoma of the cervix. source ↗

European Medicines Agency (CC BY 4.0). Events are matched to this condition by drug indication text — approvals/updates for drugs indicated for it, not disease-specific acts.

Research activity

197 papers

Key research shaping understanding of this disease, combining the latest publications with the most influential evidence.

Publications over time

2015–2026

Most influential

Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer.

The New England journal of medicine · 2012 · 9,851 cites

Nivolumab versus Docetaxel in Advanced Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

The New England journal of medicine · 2015 · 7,498 cites

Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

The New England journal of medicine · 2009 · 6,372 cites

Osimertinib in Untreated EGFR-Mutated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

The New England journal of medicine · 2018 · 4,173 cites

Atezolizumab for First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Nonsquamous NSCLC.

The New England journal of medicine · 2018 · 2,952 cites

The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017 · 2,936 cites

Recent publications

Fecal microbiota transplantation plus immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma: the phase 2 FMT-LUMINate trial.

Nature medicine · 2026 · 7 cites

Time-of-day immunochemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial.

Nature medicine · 2026 · 3 cites

Datopotamab Deruxtecan Versus Docetaxel for Previously Treated Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Randomized, Open-Label Phase III TROPION-Lung01 Study.

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025 · 158 cites

Datopotamab Deruxtecan in Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Actionable Genomic Alterations: Results From the Phase II TROPION-Lung05 Study.

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025 · 79 cites

Recent advances in therapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer.

Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025 · 58 cites

Tumor-Infiltrating Clonal Hematopoiesis.

The New England journal of medicine · 2025 · 56 cites

Major themes8

Lung Neoplasms135
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung133
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors14
Circulating Tumor DNA11
Immunotherapy10
Antineoplastic Agents8
Mutation8
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological6

Leading journals6

Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology32
The New England journal of medicine30
JAMA oncology7
Journal for immunotherapy of cancer7
Frontiers in immunology6
Nature communications6

Leading researchers8

Felip E18
Brahmer JR13
Kim SW13
Cho BC12
Paz-Ares L12
Wang J12
Lu S11
Planchard D10

Affiliations (unnormalised)6

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center18
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute12
Samsung Medical Center12
Asan Medical Center10
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center10
Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre8

Associated genes

12 matches

Genes associated with this disease in the canonical knowledge graph (Open Targets evidence). Number shows the association score.

EGFR0.85 KRAS0.80 ERBB20.78 ALK0.76 MET0.72 ROS10.71 RET0.71 EML40.70 POLD10.69 CD2740.68 CCDC60.68 ERBB40.68

Disease biology

12 matches

Proteins whose encoding gene is associated with this disease, reached through the canonical gene→disease graph. Number shows the gene's association score.

Epidermal growth factor receptorvia EGFR0.85 GTPase KRasvia KRAS0.80 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2via ERBB20.78 ALK tyrosine kinase receptorvia ALK0.76 Hepatocyte growth factor receptorvia MET0.72 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROSvia ROS10.71 Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Retvia RET0.71 Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4via EML40.70 DNA polymerase delta catalytic subunitvia POLD10.69 Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1via CD2740.68 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 6via CCDC60.68 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4via ERBB40.68

Related conditions

12 matches

Diseases frequently studied alongside this one. Number shows shared papers.

Lung Neoplasms192 Melanoma10 Neoplasm Recurrence, Local10 Neoplasm Metastasis9 Carcinoma, Squamous Cell8 Adenocarcinoma6 Neoplasms6 Brain Neoplasms5 Small Cell Lung Carcinoma5 Carcinoma, Renal Cell4 Colorectal Neoplasms4 Kidney Neoplasms4

Showing the 12 strongest of 30 by shared papers — weaker co-mentions are not shown.

Disease profile

A grounded synthesis of the condition — overview, causes, mechanism, risk factors and current standard of care.

Overview

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma is a heterogeneous group of lung cancers that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. It is commonly considered together because these histologic types share broad treatment strategies.

Pathophysiology

NSCLC is characterized by malignant cell overgrowth with alterations in signaling, gene expression regulation, and cell proliferation. The literature grounding also emphasizes tumor microenvironment effects, immune escape, and drug resistance as important biological features, including immune checkpoint pathways such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4.

Current standard of care

Management includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The grounding specifically supports platinum-based chemotherapy, pemetrexed, taxanes, docetaxel, camptothecin-class agents, EGFR-targeted therapy such as gefitinib and osimertinib, and immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and nivolumab. In locally advanced disease, concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy is used, and guideline updates emphasize targeted therapies and immunotherapies guided by biomarkers.

AI-generated summary grounded in MeSH and 6 peer-reviewed sources. Informational only — not medical advice. Generated 2026-07-07.

Reference

Authoritative identity, definition & identifiers.

Defined in MeSH

A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.

Identifiers

MeSHCarcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung

References & data sources

Disease identity & definition — NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), public domain
Clinical trials — ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Research activity — Europe PMC (EMBL-EBI) + OpenAlex-derived paper links
Related entities are derived from literature co-mention (studied together) — associative, not causal.